Table Of ContentDefects and
Their Structure in
Nonmetallic Solids
N ATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES
A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of con temporary
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Series B: Physics
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edited by J. T. Devreese and V, E. van Doren
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edited by B. Henderson and A, E, Hughes
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Defects and
Their Structure in
Nonmetallic Solids
Edited by
B. Henderson
Trinity College
Dublin, Ireland
and
A. E. Hughes
Atomic Energy Research Establishment
Harwell, England
PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Nato Advanced Study Institute, University of Exeter, 1975.
Defects and their structure in nonmetallic solids.
(NATO advanced study institutes series: Series B, Physics; v. 19)
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes index.
1. Semiconductors-Defects-Congresses. 2. Electric insulators and insulation-
Defects-Congresses. 3. Point defects-Congresses. 4. Crystals-Defects-Congresses.
I. Henderson, Brian. II. Hughes, Antony Elwyn. III. Series.
QC611.6.D4N37 1975 537.6'22 76-16280
ISBN 978-1-4684-2804-9 ISBN 978-1-4684-2802-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-2802-5
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute held at the
University of Exeter, August 24-September 6, 1975
© 1976 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1976
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfIlming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
CONTRIBUTORS
K. H. G. ASHBEE H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory,
University of Bristol, Bristol, England.
R. DEBATIST S. C. K./C. E. N., Mol, Belgium.
P. DOBSON Department of Physical Metallurgy,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.
D. L. GRISCOM Naval Research Laboratories,
Washington D.C., U.S.A.
L. W. HOBBS Materials Development Division, A.E.R.E.,
Harwell, England.
A. E. HUGHES Materials Development Division, A.E.R.E.,
Harwell, England.
A. B. LIDIARD Theoretical Physics Division, A.E.R.E.,
Harwell, England.
Y. MERLE D'AUBIGNE Laboratoire de Spectrometrie Physique,
Universite Scientifique et Medicale de Grenoble, France.
R.C. NEWMAN Physics Department, University of Reading,
Reading, England.
H. PEISL Sektion Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat,
Munich, Germany.
D. SCHOEMAKER Physics Department, University ofA ntwerp,
WilrzYk, Belgium.
W. A. SIBLEY Physics Department, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, Oklahoma.
J. M. SPAETH Experimentalphysik, Gesamthochschule
Paderborn, Germany.
G. SPINOLO Instituto di Scienze Fisiche,
Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy.
A. M. STONEHAM Theoretical Physics Division, AER.E.,
Harwell, England.
W. VON DER OSTEN Experimentalphysik, Gesamthochschule
Paderborn, Germany.
G. D. WATKINS Physics Department, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, PennsylvaniJ1.
Bend Contours in an Anodic Film of Tantalum Pentoxide
(after R. E. Pawel)
Preface
The Advanced Study Institute of which this volume is the
proceedings was held at the University of Exeter during 24 August
to 6 September 1975. There were seventy participants of whom
eighteen were lecturers and members of the advisory committee.
All NATO countries except Holland, Iceland and Portugal were re-
presented. In addition a small number of participants came from
non-NATO countries Japan, Ireland and Switzerland.
An aim of the organising committee was to bring together
scientists of wide interests and expertise in the defect structure
of insulators and semiconductors. Thus major emphases in the pro-
gramme concerned the use of spectroscopy and microscopy in revealing
the structure of point defects and their aggregates, line defects as
well as planar and volume defects. The lectures revealed that in
general little is known of the fate of the interstitial in most
irradiated solids. Nor are the dynamic properties of defects under-
stood in sufficient detail that one can state how point defects
cluster and eventually become macroscopic defects.
Although this book faithfully reproduces the material covered
by the invited speakers, it does not really follow the flow of the
lectures. This is because it seemed advisable for each lecturer
to provide a single self-contained and authoritative manuscript,
rather than a series of short articles corresponding to the lectures.
These manuscripts are arranged in three parts. Part A contains
material relating to the fundamental point defects in crystalline
non-metallic solids, the structure of which are revealed largely
by spectroscopy. In Part B are discussed defects in low symmetry
systems such as are found in vitreous solids, on surfaces and in
the neighbourhood of dislocation lines. Finally Part C reviews
X-ray and electron diffraction studies of point defects and a wide
variety of macroscopic defects.
In addition to the invited lectures a number of contributed
papers were read during the numerous discussion periods: the titles
viii PREFACE
only of these are collected in Appendix I. No attempt is made to
report the content of the discussions of either invited or contri-
buted papers. Appendix II is a list of the more general references
compiled by the invited speakers for the benefit of the other
participants.
B. Henderson
Co-directors
A.E. Hughes
Contents
Part I
POINT DEFECTS IN INSULATORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS
Point Defects in Non-Metals: The Role of
Structure 1
A. B. Lidiard
Point Defects and Diffusion 95
P. S. Dobson
From Spectroscopy to Microscopy - The Photon
as a Probe • • • • • • • • • 107
W. A. Sibley
Optical Techniques and an Introduction to the
Symmetry Properties of Point Defects 133
A. E. Hughes
Magnetic Resonance Studies of Vacancy Centers
in Ionic Crystals • • • • • • • • • 155
J. M. Spaeth
Interstitial Centres: Optical Absorption
and Magnetic Resonance • • • • 173
D. Shoemaker
EPR Studies of Lattice Defects in Semiconductors 203
G. D. Watkins
Infrared Studies of Defects • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 221
R. C. Newman
Vacancy Aggregate Centers in Ionic Crystals • • • • • • • •• 237
W. von der Osten
ix
x CONTENTS
Perturbation Spectroscopy and Optical Detection
of Paramagnetic Resonance . . . . . . 261
Y. Merle d'Aubigne
Excited State Properties of Localized Centres . . . . . . .. 283
G. M. Spinolo
Part II
DEFECTS IN LOW SYMMETRY ENVIRONMENTS
Internal Friction and Defects Near Dislocations . . 305
R. De Batist
Defects in Non-Crystalline Oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 323
D. L. Griscom
Insulator and Semiconductor Surfaces 355
A. M. Stoneham
Part III
DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUES FOR POINT AND EXTENDED DEFECTS
Structural Information and Defect Energies
Studied by X-Ray Methods . . . . 381
H. Peisl
X-Rays and Electron Microscopy 407
K. H. G. Ashbee
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Defect
Aggregates in Non-Metallic
Crystalline Solids . . . . . . . 431
L. W. Hobbs
Appendix I. Contributed Papers . . . 483
Appendix II. References - Defects in Non-Metallic
Solids . . . . . . . .. •...... 485
Appendix III. Participants at NATO Advanced Study
Institute, Exeter, 1975 49l
Index .. 495
