Deep Learning for the Earth Sciences: A Comprehensive Approach to Remote Sensing, Climate Science and Geosciences

435 Pages·2021·16.077 MB·English

by  Gustau Camps-Valls (editor), Devis Tuia (editor), Xiao Xiang Zhu (editor), Markus Reichstein (editor)

(cid:2)
DeepLearningfortheEarthSciences
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Deep Learning for the Earth Sciences
A Comprehensive Approach to Remote Sensing, Climate Science,
and Geosciences
Edited by
(cid:2) Gustau Camps-Valls (cid:2)
UniversitatdeValència,Spain
Devis Tuia
EPFL,Switzerland
Xiao Xiang Zhu
GermanAerospaceCenterandTechnicalUniversityofMunich,Germany
Markus Reichstein
MaxPlanckInstitute,Germany
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Thiseditionfirstpublished2021
©2021JohnWiley&SonsLtd
Chapter14©2021JohnWiley&SonsLtd.ThecontributionstothechapterwrittenbySamanthaAdams
©Crowncopyright2021,MetOffice.ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheControllerofHerMajesty’s
StationeryOffice.AllOtherRightsReserved.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or
transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,
exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailable
athttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
TherightofGustauCamps-Valls,DevisTuia,XiaoXiangZhu,andMarkusReichsteintobeidentifiedas
theauthorsoftheeditorialmaterialinthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw.
RegisteredOffices
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
EditorialOffice
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproducts
visitusatwww.wiley.com.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontentthat
appearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty
Whilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakeno
representationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkand
specificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantability
orfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentatives,written
salesmaterialsorpromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Thefactthatanorganization,website,orproduct
(cid:2) (cid:2)
isreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orpotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthat
thepublisherandauthorsendorsetheinformationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmay
provideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisheris
notengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbe
suitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.Further,readersshould
beawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwas
writtenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitorany
othercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orother
damages.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Name:Camps-Valls,Gustau,editor.
Title:Deeplearningfortheearthsciences:acomprehensiveapproachto
remotesensing,climatescienceandgeosciences/editedbyGustau
Camps-Valls[andthreeothers].
Description:Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,2021.|Includesbibliographical
referencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2021012965(print)|LCCN2021012966(ebook)|ISBN
9781119646143(cloth)|ISBN9781119646150(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119646167(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Earthsciences–Studyandteaching.|Algorithms–Studyand
teaching.
Classification:LCCQE26.3.D442021(print)|LCCQE26.3(ebook)|DDC
550.71–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021012965
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021012966
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:©iStock.com/monsitj,EmiliaSzymanek/GettyImages
Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbyStraive,Chennai,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
ToAdrianAlbert,inmemoriam
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
vii
Contents
Foreword xvi
Acknowledgments xvii
ListofContributors xviii
ListofAcronyms xxiv
1 Introduction 1
GustauCamps-Valls,XiaoXiangZhu,DevisTuia,andMarkusReichstein
1.1 ATaxonomyofDeepLearningApproaches 2
1.2 DeepLearninginRemoteSensing 3
(cid:2) 1.3 DeepLearninginGeosciencesandClimate 7 (cid:2)
1.4 BookStructureandRoadmap 9
PartI DeepLearningtoExtractInformationfromRemoteSensing
Images 13
2 LearningUnsupervisedFeatureRepresentationsofRemoteSensing
DatawithSparseConvolutionalNetworks 15
JoseE.Adsuara,ManuelCampos-Taberner,JavierGarcía-Haro,CarloGatta,Adriana
Romero,andGustauCamps-Valls
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 SparseUnsupervisedConvolutionalNetworks 17
2.2.1 SparsityastheGuidingCriterion 17
2.2.2 TheEPLSAlgorithm 18
2.2.3 Remarks 18
2.3 Applications 19
2.3.1 HyperspectralImageClassification 19
2.3.2 MultisensorImageFusion 21
2.4 Conclusions 22
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
viii Contents
3 GenerativeAdversarialNetworksintheGeosciences 24
GonzaloMateo-García,ValeroLaparra,ChristianRequena-Mesa,andLuis
Gómez-Chova
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 GenerativeAdversarialNetworks 25
3.2.1 UnsupervisedGANs 25
3.2.2 ConditionalGANs 26
3.2.3 Cycle-consistentGANs 27
3.3 GANsinRemoteSensingandGeosciences 28
3.3.1 GANsinEarthObservation 28
3.3.2 ConditionalGANsinEarthObservation 30
3.3.3 CycleGANsinEarthObservation 30
3.4 ApplicationsofGANsinEarthObservation 31
3.4.1 DomainAdaptationAcrossSatellites 31
3.4.2 LearningtoEmulateEarthSystemsfromObservations 33
3.5 ConclusionsandPerspectives 36
4 DeepSelf-taughtLearninginRemoteSensing 37
RibanaRoscher
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 SparseRepresentation 38
4.2.1 DictionaryLearning 39
(cid:2) (cid:2)
4.2.2 Self-taughtLearning 40
4.3 DeepSelf-taughtLearning 40
4.3.1 ApplicationExample 43
4.3.2 RelationtoDeepNeuralNetworks 44
4.4 Conclusion 45
5 DeepLearning-basedSemanticSegmentationinRemote
Sensing 46
DevisTuia,DiegoMarcos,KonradSchindler,andBertrandLeSaux
5.1 Introduction 46
5.2 LiteratureReview 47
5.3 BasicsonDeepSemanticSegmentation:ComputerVisionModels 49
5.3.1 ArchitecturesforImageData 49
5.3.2 ArchitecturesforPoint-clouds 52
5.4 SelectedExamples 55
5.4.1 EncodingInvariancestoTrainSmallerModels:TheexampleofRotation 55
5.4.2 Processing3DPointCloudsasaBundleofImages:SnapNet 59
5.4.3 LakeIceDetectionfromEarthandfromSpace 62
5.5 ConcludingRemarks 66
6 ObjectDetectioninRemoteSensing 67
JianDing,JinwangWang,WenYang,andGui-SongXia
6.1 Introduction 67
6.1.1 ProblemDescription 67
(cid:2)