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DECLARATION
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SUMMARY OF THESIS: POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH DEGREES
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Student ID Number: 0535835
Title: Mr.
Surname: Brown
First Names: Wayde Alan
School: Architecture
Title of Degree: PhD
Full Title of Thesis MAKING HISTORY: The Role of Historic Reconstructions Within
Canada’s Heritage Conservation Movement
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Student ID Number: 0535835
Summary of Thesis:
Canada's heritage conservation movement developed late, relative to similar movements in
Europe and the United States, yet from 1939 to the present, historic reconstructions have
formed a significant aspect of the Canadian response to the ‘presentation’ of the past. This
thesis examines the roles played by historic reconstructions in Canada: the intent of the
project proponents, and the reception of such projects. To establish a framework for this
analysis, the roles of historic reconstructions in France, Britain and the United States, three
countries where heritage conservation activity began much earlier, are first examined. Sites
included in this part of the thesis include: in France, Viollet-le-Duc’s reconstruction work at
Wzelay, Saint-Semin, and Carcassonne; in Britain, Burges’ Castell Coch, and the twentieth-
century reconstructions of Castell Henllys and the Globe Theatre; and, in the United States,
the Revere House, Fort Ticonderoga, Colonial Williamsburg, and New Echota. With the
French, British and American use of historic reconstructions as a reference, four detailed
case studies, examining Canadian sites, is presented. The first case study is the
reconstruction of the Habitation at Port Royal, originally constructed in 1605, by French
colonists. The second study considers two reconstructions, Fort George, Niagara-on-the-
Lake and Place Royale, Quebec, which represent British and French heritage, respectively.
The third reconstruction discussed is the town of Louisbourg. The fourth study is the
proposed reconstruction of the Africville Church, a building destroyed in 1967 in the name
of urban renewal, but a continuing symbol of the African-Canadian community within which
it was located. Analysis of these sites has been undertaken with considerable reference to the
current discussion of the relationship between history and collective memory, especially the
work of Pierre Nora (in France), Raphael Samuel (in Britain), and John Bodnar (in the
United States).

MAKING HISTORY:
The Role of Historic Reconstructions Within Canada’s Heritage Conservation Movement
by
Wayde Alan Brown
B Arch, Dalhousie University, ‘82
M A, University of York, ‘89
2011
Welsh School of Architecture
Cardiff University
Cardiff, Wiles
UMI Number: U559679
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Dedication
I wish to dedicate this thesis to Harriet Taber Richardson and Kenneth D. Harris; their vision
and perseverance gave us the Port Royal Habitation, the point of departure for my own
journey.
Acknowledgements
Over a period of five years, and in four countries, many people have assisted with my
research, and the preparation of this thesis; I thank everyone for their advice, generosity and
encouragement.
Several archives and libraries, and the staff of these institutions, have been crucial to my
work, including: Libraries and Archives Canada, Nova Scotia Archives and Records
Management, the Nova Scotia Museum, the New Brunswick Museum, Halifax Municipal
Archives, Killiam Library (Special Collections), Dalhousie University, Louisbourg Institute,
the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, the (US) Library of Congress, and the
US National Archives (College Park). I also wish to thank: Chris Fox, Curator, Thomas Pell
Research Center (Fort Ticonderoga); Ryan Scranton, Executive Director, Annapolis Heritage
Society; and Patricia Townsend, Esther Clark Wright Archives, Acadia University. The
Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, provided both research support and financial
assistance for me to visit that archive. Several employees of the Parks Canada Agency have
kindly provided information and advice, including: Gordon Fulton, Director of Historical
Services (Ottawa), John Johnston, Historian (Halifax), and Hedy Armour, Librarian
(Halifax). At Public Works Canada, Don MacDonald provided information regarding the
Federal Heritage Building Review Office, and Bill Hockey, now retired, provided
information on several architectural reconstruction projects. In Halifax, Andrea Arbic
(A.L.Arbic Consulting) and Jeffery Reed (formerly with the Historic Places Initiative), both
kindly gave me time for extensive interviews; and Mary Louise Hartigan, my former
colleague in the Department of Tourism, Culture and Heritage, provide information and
advice on innumerable occasions. In Wales, I want to thank: Matthew Williams, Curator,
Cardiff Castle, for his hospitality; and David MacLees, former Inspector of Historic
Buildings for Cadw, who kindly spent an afternoon with me at Castell Coch, just prior to his
retirement.
My colleagues and students in the College of Environment and Design, University of
Georgia, have provided me with invaluable, and consistent, support during the past five
years; Donna Gabriel, graduate academic advisor in our college, has been especially helpful
to me in finding a way to combine the dual roles of teacher and student. In addition, I want to
thank university administration for supporting some of my research travel, and the
interlibrary loan staff at the Ilah Dunlap Little Library, who have always been able to ‘locate
the book’, no matter how obscure.
Lastly, I wish to acknowledge several individuals who have offered support in various ways.
In Georgia, I want to thank Rene Shoemaker and Stephen White, and the Aromas Regulars.
In England, I want to thank Richenda Codling and Jill Rudd, for hospitality and occasionally
explaining the ways of the British, and Ron Lewcock, for his time and useful advice. In
Wales, I want to thank Katrina Lewis, for helping me feel a little closer to Cardiff, and
especially my supervisor, Judi Loach. My decision to undertake this programme of studies at
the Welsh School of Architecture was made after spending an afternoon with Judi, drinking
coffee at Le Corbusier’s Carpenter Center; it was a very wise decision, and with Judi’s
support and guidance, the past five years have been a wonderful period of exploration and
discovery. In Nova Scotia, I want to thank Hal, Paul, and Greg; sometimes you can ‘go home
again’.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................... i
Note on Illustrations.....................................................................................................iv
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................1
1.1 Thesis Question
1.2 Heritage Conservation
1.3 Collective Memory and the Use of History
1.4 Methodology
2. France ........................................................................................................................22
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Post-Revolution
2.3 Office of Inspector General
2.4 Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc
2.5 Reception
2.6 Analysis
3. Britain.........................................................................................................................57
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Roots of a Heritage Conservation Ethos
3.3 Ascendancy of Fabric-value in Defining Conservation
3.4 Historic Reconstruction outside the Movement: Castell Coch
3.5 British Historic Reconstructions in the Twentieth Century
3.6 Analysis
4. United States..............................................................................................................92
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Heroes: Making an American Past in the Nineteenth Century
4.3 Patrons in the Early-Twentieth Century: Fort Ticonderoga
4.4 Patrons in the Early-Twentieth Century: Colonial Williamsburg
4.5 The Federal Government and Historic Reconstructions
4.6 The People and Historic Reconstructions
4.7 Analysis
5. Canada.......................................................................................................................128
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Peoples of Canada
5.3 Identity-defining Events / Themes
5.4 A Canadian Heritage Conservation Context
6. Case Studies 159
6.1 Port Royal Habitation.............................159
6.2 Fort George and Place Royale 184
6.3 Louisbourg...............................................205
6.4 Africville Church....................................226
7. Conclusion..................... ..................................................................... 248
7.1 Framework Reconsidered
7.2 Role of Reconstructions: France, Britain, United States
7.3 Role of Reconstruction in Canada
7.4 Future Research
Bibliography............................................................................................... 256
iii