Table Of ContentStudies in Systems, Decision and Control 217
Martine Ceberio
Vladik Kreinovich Editors
Decision
Making Under
Uncertainty
and Constraints
A Why-Book
Studies in Systems, Decision and Control
Volume 217
SeriesEditor
JanuszKacprzyk,SystemsResearchInstitute,PolishAcademyofSciences,
Warsaw,Poland
The series “Studies in Systems, Decision and Control” (SSDC) covers both new
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·
Martine Ceberio Vladik Kreinovich
Editors
Decision Making Under
Uncertainty and Constraints
A Why-Book
Editors
MartineCeberio VladikKreinovich
DepartmentofComputerScience DepartmentofComputerScience
UniversityofTexasatElPaso UniversityofTexasatElPaso
ElPaso,TX,USA ElPaso,TX,USA
ISSN 2198-4182 ISSN 2198-4190 (electronic)
StudiesinSystems,DecisionandControl
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Preface
Ikeepsixhonestserving-men
(TheytaughtmeallIknew);
TheirnamesareWhatandWhyandWhen
AndHowandWhereandWho.
RudyardKipling
In the first approximation, decision making is nothing else but an optimization
problem: we want to select the best alternative. This description, however, is not
fully accurate: it implicitly assumes that we know the exact consequences of each
decision,andthat,oncewehaveselectedadecision,noconstraintspreventusfrom
implementing it. In reality, we usually know the consequences with some uncer-
tainty, and there are also numerous constraints that need to be taken into account.
Thepresenceofuncertaintyandconstraintsmakesdecisionmakingchallenging.
Toresolvethesechallenges,weneedtogobeyondsimpleoptimization,wealso
need to get a good understanding of how the corresponding systems and objects
operate,agoodunderstandingofwhyweobservewhatweobserve—thiswillhelp
us better predict what will be the consequences of different decisions. All these
problems—inrelationtodifferentapplicationareas—arethemainfocusofthisbook.
Becauseofthisfocus,weencouragedauthorstoincludetheWhywordintothe
titles of their papers. Several authors agreed, so this book can truly be called a
why-book,atruetributetoRudyardKipling.
Mostpapersfromthisbookareextendedandselectedversionsofpaperspresented
atthe14thInternationalWorkshoponConstraintProgrammingandDecisionMaking
CoProD’2021 (Szeged, Hungary, September 12, 2021); 26th UTEP/NMSU Work-
shop on Mathematics, Computer Science, and Computational Science (El Paso,
Texas,November6,2021);andseveralotherconferences.
v
vi Preface
Wearegreatlythankfultoalltheauthorsandreferees,andtoalltheparticipantsof
theCoProd’2021andotherworkshops.OurspecialthankstoProf.JanuszKacprzyk,
theeditorofthisbookseries,forhissupportandhelp.Thankstoallofyou!
ElPaso,USA MartineCeberio
August2022 [email protected]
VladikKreinovich
[email protected]
Contents
ApplicationstoArts
Baudelaire’s Ideas of Vagueness and Uniqueness in Art:
Algorithm-BasedExplanations ..................................... 3
LucLongpré,OlgaKosheleva,andVladikKreinovich
ApplicationstoBiosciences
SelfishGeneTheoryExplainsOedipusComplex ...................... 13
OlgaKoshelevaandVladikKreinovich
ApplicationstoEducation
HowtoTeachAdvancedHighlyMotivatedStudents:Teaching
StrategyofIosifYakovlevichVerebeichik ............................ 19
OlgaKoshelevaandVladikKreinovich
Why70/100IsSatisfactory?WhyFiveLetterGrades?WhyOther
AcademicConventions? ............................................ 25
ChristianServin,OlgaKosheleva,andVladikKreinovich
ShallWeIgnoreAllIntermediateGrades? ........................... 33
ChristianServin,OlgaKosheleva,andVladikKreinovich
Why∞isaReasonableSymbolforInfinity .......................... 39
OlgaKoshelevaandVladikKreinovich
WhatIs1/0fromthePracticalViewpoint:APedagogicalNote ......... 43
OlgaKoshelevaandVladikKreinovich
HistoricalDiversityThroughBase-10RepresentationofMayan
Math ............................................................. 49
JulianVieraandOlgaKosheleva
vii
viii Contents
WhyBase-20,Base-40,andBase-60NumberSystems? ................ 63
SeanR.Aguilar,OlgaKosheleva,andVladikKreinovich
WhyChomskyNormalForm:APedagogicalNote .................... 69
OlgaKoshelevaandVladikKreinovich
HowtoBestWriteResearchPapers:BasicEnglish?Sophisticated
English? .......................................................... 75
MartineCeberio, ChristianServin, OlgaKosheleva,
andVladikKreinovich
ApplicationstoEngineering
HowtoSelectTypicalObjects ...................................... 83
MarianaBenitez,JeffreyWeidner,andVladikKreinovich
Why Homogeneous Membranes Lead to Optimal Water
Desalination:APossibleExplanation ................................ 89
JulioUrenda,MartineCeberio,OlgaKosheleva,andVladikKreinovich
FaultDetectioninaSmartElectricGrid:GeometricAnalysis ......... 93
HectorReyes,DillonTrinh,andVladikKreinovich
ApplicationstoGeosciences
WhyGeologicalRegions? .......................................... 103
DanielaFlores,OlgaKosheleva,andVladikKreinovich
ApplicationstoMachineLearning
Why,inDeepLearning,Non-smoothActivationFunctionWorks
BetterThanSmoothOnes .......................................... 111
DanielCruz,RicardoGodoy,andVladikKreinovich
WhyResidualNeuralNetworks ..................................... 117
SofiaHolguinandVladikKreinovich
WhySemi-supervisedLearningMakesSense:APedagogicalNote ..... 121
OlgaKoshelevaandVladikKreinovich
HowtoGaugetheQualityofaMulti-classClassificationWhen
GroundTruthIsKnownwithUncertainty ........................... 125
RicardoMendez,OsagumwenroOsaretin,andVladikKreinovich
AnAlphaZero-InspiredApproachtoSolvingSearchProblems ......... 129
EvgenyDantsin,VladikKreinovich,andAlexanderWolpert
