Databook of Antiblocking, Release, and Slip Additives

430 Pages·2014·1.63 MB·English

by  Anna Wypych (Auth.)

Databook of
Antiblocking, Release,
and Slip Additives
Anna Wypych
Toronto 2014
Published by ChemTec Publishing
38 Earswick Drive, Toronto, Ontario M1E 1C6, Canada
© ChemTec Publishing, 2014
ISBN 978-1-895198-76-8
Cover design: Anita Wypych
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of
copyright owner. No responsibility is assumed by the Author and the Pub-
lisher for any injury or/and damage to persons or properties as a matter of
products liability, negligence, use, or operation of any methods, product
ideas, or instructions published or suggested in this book.
Library and Archives of Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Wypych Anna, author
Databook of antiblocking, release and slip additivies / Anna
Wypych
Includes index.
Originally Published: Toronto: ChemTec Publishing
Electronic monograph
Issued also in print format (ISBN 978-1-895198-63-8)
ISBN 978-1-895198-76-8 (epub)
1. Polymers--Additives. 2. Polymers--Additives--Health
aspects. 3. Polymers--Additives--Environmental aspects. I. Title
TP1142.W463 2013 668.9 C2013-905637-8
1 Introduction
Antiblocking is an action, usually carried out by reformulation (addition of antiblocking
agent(s)), which aims at reduction of forces of adhesion between the materials in contact.
The meaning of release is defi ned as a removal of the force or its effect. This may
be related to a material in a fl owing form (e.g., melt) or in a solid state. In the case of liquid
form, the release properties are usually balanced by the use of external and internal lubri-
cants, which alone or in combination give a proper balance of release and adhesion as it is
suitable for effi cient processing. In the solid state, release properties are usually required to
separate a product from the form in which the product was manufactured. The most likely
application of release agents is in the molding industry, but other processes, such as calen-
dering, extrusion, embossing, etc. also require special additives to help in separation of a
product from the part of the machine on which the material is being formed. These will all
be cases of release agents which mostly act by forming a layer which separates the product
and the mold. Sometimes, lowering the coeffi cient of friction also helps in separation of the
product from the mold and this calls for joint use of a release agent together with slip agents
discussed below.
To slip means to move with a sliding motion, which implies that a slip agent must
address defi ciency in the material related to too high a friction between the two surfaces in
contact. The surfaces in contact may be composed of the same or different materials. The
slip agents are used in both processing and use of manufactured materials.
The above defi nitions show the differences and similarities in functions of the three
groups of additives, which frequently overlap to the extent that assigning their proper func-
tions and designations sometimes becomes ambiguous.
Antiblocking, release, and slip agents are very recent additions to formulations of
plastics but very important for today’s technology.
Chapters 3, 4, and 5 contain data on the most important antiblocking, release, and
slip additives, respectively.
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2 Information on data fi elds
The fi elds used in the databook are listed in alphabetical order. The information on data in
a particular fi eld includes glossary of term, unit of measurement, typical methods used to
measure quantities available in the databook.
Acid number
Twenty-fi ve grams of a additive is placed in 125 ml Erlenmeyer fl ask and 50 ml alcohol
is added to dissolve the sample. If the sample is not completely soluble, 50 ml of equal
amounts of alcohol and acetone are used. This sample is titrated with 0.01N NaOH or KOH
in the presence of bromothymol blue used as an indicator. ISO standard uses a method of
titration similar to just described ASTM standard but phenolphthalein is used as an indicator
and 0.1 N NaOH is used as a titrating agent. The results are expressed in mg KOH per 1 g
of sample.
Acidity
The results of titration (see Acid number) are expressed in weight percents as acetic acid.
Acronym
Abbreviations of additive names can be found in the standard terminology (ASTM D1600-
13 Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics). ISO standard has a
separate section for symbols used for additives (ISO 1043-3:1996 Plastics -- Symbols and
abbreviated terms -- Part 3: Additives). In addition to the abbreviations for individual addi-
tives, Annex A contains a list of symbols for additive components (alcohol part, acid part,
and other elements of composition). Abbreviations of additives used in rubber are given in
a separate standard (ISO 6472:2010 Rubber compounding ingredients -- Symbols and ab-
breviated terms).
ADR/RID class
A number corresponding to one of the eight classes of cargo defi ned in the European Agree-
ment concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) or the
International Regulations concerning the Transport of Dangerous goods by Rail (RID).
Alkyl distribution
The percentages are given of alkyl parts if additive is made from a mixture of fatty acids or
fatty alcohols.
Amine number
Twenty-fi ve grams of a additive is placed in 125 ml Erlenmeyer fl ask and 50 ml alcohol
is added to dissolve the sample. If the sample is not completely soluble, 50 ml of equal
amounts of alcohol and acetone are used. This sample is titrated with 0.01N HCl in the pres-
ence of bromothymol blue used as an indicator. The results are expressed in mg HCl per 1 g
of sample.
Amine, primary
The percentage of primary amine in the mixture of all amines.
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Animal testing, acute toxicity
Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects resulting from a single exposure to a substance.
Typical methods of measurement include LD50 which is the amount of a solid or liquid
material that is required to kill 50% of test animals in one dose.
Aquatic toxicity
The adverse effects to marine life (aquatic organisms) that result from exposure to a toxic
substance. Aquatic toxicity can be expressed as the lethal concentration of a chemical sub-
stance in miligrams per liter that caused death to 50% population of aquatic species (LC50)
during a time of experiment (usually 24, 48 or 96 hours).
Ash
Fraction of ash in % usually determined by ashing sample to constant weight at 900oC.
Autoignition temperature
The lowest temperature at which a material will ignite and sustain combustion in the ab-
sence of a spark or fl ame. The properties of liquid can be tested by standardized methods
(ASTM E659-78 (2005) Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid
Chemicals). The ignition temperature is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the
substance shows spontaneous combustion when touching hot bodies.
Biodegradation probability
The probability that an organic substance will biodegrade under aerobic conditions. This
fi eld includes the general statements regarding biodegradation probability of additives. Ex-
perimental data are included in the following fi elds: Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical
Oxygen Demand, and Theoretical Oxygen Demand.
Biological Oxygen Demand
The biological oxygen demand, BOD, is the mass concentration of dissolved oxygen con-
sumed under specifi c conditions in a given time (e.g., BOD-5 stands for 5 days test) by the
aerobic biological oxidation of a chemical or organic matter in water. BOD is an empirical
test, which evaluates the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in water.
The following ISO standards can be applied: ISO 10708:1997 Water quality -- Evaluation in
an aqueous medium of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds -- Deter-
mination of biochemical oxygen demand in a two-phase closed bottle test and ISO 5815-
1:2003 Water quality -- Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days, BODn.
Boiling point
The boiling point is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the substance undergoes
transition from the liquid into the gaseous phase under normal pressure.
Canadian WHMIS classifi cation
WHMIS is Workplace Hazardous Material Information System. View explanation of nu-
merical symbols in NFPA classifi cation.
Carcinogenicity
A carcinogenic material is one that is known to cause cancer. The process of forming cancer
cells from normal cells or carcinomas is called carcinogenesis. A summary of fi ndings
included in this fi eld is based on general principles of material assessment, which includes:
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a  There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans. A cause and effect
interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations such as chance, bias, other vari-
ables etc. cannot be ruled out. Again, science can never prove a hypothesis, only disprove
one. Scientifi c “facts” are established only when a preponderance of the evidence supports
a hypothesis and there is 1) no evidence to disprove it and 2) no equally viable alternative
hypotheses. b  There is suffi cient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental
animals, which indicates there is an increased incidence of malignant and/or a combination
of malignant and benign tumors (1) in multiple species or at multiple tissue sites, or (2) by
multiple routes of exposure, or (3) to an unusual degree with regard to incidence, site, or
type of tumor, or age at onset. c  There is less than suffi cient evidence of carcinogenicity in
humans or laboratory animals; however, the substance is structurally related to other materi-
als that are either human carcinogens or reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens.
d  There is convincing relevant information that the material acts through mechanisms that
are likely to cause cancer in humans.
CAS number
A number assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service that uniquely identifi es a chemical
substance.
Chemical category
Non-systematic classifi cation of additives based on their main or active component.
Coeffi cient of friction
The ratio of the weight of an object being moved along a surface and the force that main-
tains contact between the object and the surface.
Coeffi cient of friction @ 1000 ppm
Coeffi cient of friction determined for material which contains 1000 ppm of additive.
Color
This fi eld gives a description of color that is typical of commercial product or pure sample.
Color, Gardner scale
Gardner color scale is made of arbitrary glass standards numbered from 1 to 18. Measure-
ments are made according to standardized method (ASTM D1544-04 (2010) Standard Test
Method for Color of Transparent Liquids (Gardner Color Scale)).
Color, platinum-cobalt scale
Platinum-cobalt scale was originally developed by Hazen and it is sometimes referred to as
Hazen color or APHA color because it was developed by the American Public Health Asso-
ciation for determining the color of water. Both names are incorrect because they do not re-
fl ect procedures used in the current method (ASTM D1209-05 (2011) Standard Test Method
for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)). Platinum cobalt reference standards are
solutions of potassium chloroplatinate and cobalt chloride, which have different concentra-
tions. They can be prepared from these chemical reagents or purchased as ready made stan-
dards. Measurement is made in a visible spectrophotometer by comparison of readings for
sample and standards and selection of the closest standard. If the color lies midway between
standards, a darker standard is reported. ISO standard provides a procedure which is based
on the original Hazen platinum-cobalt scale (ISO 2211:1973 Liquid chemical products --
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Measurement of colour in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale)). The results of testing based
on color comparison of the test tubes and the additive are given in Hazen units. Platinum-
cobalt scale is used for estimation of color of clear liquids (ISO 6271-1:2004 Clear liquids
-- Estimation of colour by the platinum-cobalt scale). This method gives results of measure-
ments in units equivalent to ASTM method (ASTM D1209-05 (2011) Standard Test Method
for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)). There are some small differences in the
method of color comparison and equipment used.
Common name
Many additives have commercial names (see under label – Name). This frequently does not
permit to recognize chemical composition of the additive. Common name helps in recogni-
tion of chemical nature of material.
Common synonym
Common synonym has similar application as the Common name. It is used to help in identi-
fi cation of chemical nature of the product.
Density
The density, also referred to as specifi c weight, is the mass per volume unit in grams per
cubic centimeter. The density is referred to a temperature of its determination.
Density, bulk
The bulk density is defi ned as the mass of additive divided by its total volume. The bulk
density is expressed in kg/m3.
Dielectric constant
The dielectric constant is a measure of the behavior of the substance when introduced into
an electric fi eld (it indicates the multiple to which the capacity of a condenser increases if
the substance is between the plates instead of vacuum).
DOT class
Transportation instructions require DOT Hazard Class in which materials are divided into
the following classes: 1 – Explosives, 2 – Gases, 3 – Flammable and combustible liquids, 4
– Flammable spontaneously combustible solids, 5 – Oxidizers & organic peroxides, 6 – Poi-
sonous & infectious materials, 7 – Radioactive materials, 8 – Corrosives, 9 – Miscellaneous.
In addition UN number and packaging group is also given.
Dropping point
The ASTM dropping point is the temperature at which a grease passes from a semi-solid to
a liquid state under the conditions of the test (ASTM D 566-02(2009)). Dropping point is
expressed by a temperature of measuring gauge.
EC number
Number assigned by the EU commission to a substance (previously EINECS and ELINCS)
Empirical formula
The empirical formula is the molecular formula of a chemical compound. The order of
atoms follows the Hill system which is utilized by the Chemical Abstracts Services and by
the Beilstein Institute. Within the empirical formula C is the fi rst element symbol, H is the
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second, the other element symbols are added in alphabetical order. The empirical formula
does not take into account of any crystal water content. Using this fi eld for searches requires
that the above guidelines are strictly followed.
Explosive LEL
The lower explosion limit is the lower concentration in volume percent of a fl ammable gas
or vapor mixed with air between which the mixture can be made to explode by heating or
by a spark.
Explosive UEL
The upper explosion limit is the upper concentration in volume percent of a fl ammable gas
or vapor mixed with air between which the mixture can be made to explode by heating or
by a spark.
Eye irritation (human)
The information included in this fi eld comes from existing human experience, animal obser-
vations related to the potential irritation of human eye, and in vitro studies.
Fatty amide content
The content of fatty amide in additive as a percentage of total weight.
Flash point
The fl ash point is the lowest temperature in degrees Centigrade at which so much vapor
develops under normal pressure that it results in a fl ammable mixture together with the air
over the liquid level. Different methods are used in the test with Cleveland cup being the
most suitable method for testing additives. Cleveland open cup is used to determine fl ash
and fi re points of liquids with fl ash point above 79oC and below 400oC, such as additives
(ASTM D92-12b Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup).
Standard gives the methods of determination using manual and automatic Cleveland open
cup apparatus. About 70 ml of test liquid is heated fi rst rapidly then slowly on approaching
an expected fl ash point. Test fl ame is applied to surface to ignite vapors. Test fl ame is natu-
ral or bottled gas fl ame (full description included in the standard). Test fl ame is applied fi rst
when the temperature is 28oC below expected fl ash point and then in 2oC intervals. The fl ash
point is the lowest temperature at which vapors are ignited by the test fl ame.
Flash point method
The following abbreviations are used to describe the method that was used for the data
included in the fi eld “Flash point”: CC – closed cup, CCTC – closed cup tag closed, COC
– Cleveland open cup, OC – open cup, PMCC – Pensky-Martens closed cup, TCC – tag
closed cup, TOC – tag open cup
Food approval(s)
US Food and Drugs Administration, FDA, the World Health Organization, WHO, and the
European Commission’s Scientifi c Committee on Food, SCF, must confi rm that ingestion
of all additives remains within safe levels. It applies to people of all ages, children as well
as adults. Health consumer protection in Germany (Bundesinstitute, BgW) also examines
poisonous effect of chemicals present in commercial products.
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Free acid
The amount of free acid present in additive expressed in %.
Hazardous components
Type and percentage of hazardous component present in additive.
Heat of combustion
It is the quantity of heat liberated per unitary weight when a substance undergoes complete
oxidation. It is expressed in MJ per kg.
HLB scale
Davis scale was developed in the range of 0 to 40 to characterize lipophilic/hydrophilic
balance of nonionic surfactant. The HLB value is an indication of the solubility of additive.
The lower the HLB value the more lipophilic or oil soluble the additive is and the higher the
HLB value the more water soluble or hydrophilic the additive is.
HMIS personal protection
Suggestions regarding personal protection equipment are given based on manufacturer’s
recommendations.
HMIS classifi cation
A rating system (HMIS – Hazardous Materials Identifi cation System) has been devised
by The National Paint Coatings Association to assist emergency responders. The follow-
ing are the simple explanations of numerical symbols. Health: 0 – Like ordinary material,
1 – Slightly hazardous, 2 – Hazardous – use breathing apparatus, 3 – Extremely dangerous
– use full protective clothing, 4 – Too dangerous to enter – vapor or liquid. Flammability:
0 – Will not burn, 1 – Must be preheated to burn, 2 – Ignites when moderately heated, 3 –
Ignites at normal temperature, 4 - Extremely fl ammable. Reactivity: 0 – Normally stable,
1 – Unstable if heated – use normal precaution, 2 – Violent chemical change possible – use
hose from distance, 3 – Strong shock or heat may detonate – use monitors, 4 – May detonate
– evacuate area if materials are exposed to fi re.
ICAO/IATA class
Classifi cation for transport by cargo aircraft. The statements are based on the Dangerous
Goods Regulation issued by IATA (International Air Transport Association). The class and
the packaging group are stated. No account is taken of special regulations stipulated by
individual countries or airlines.
IMDG class
This fi eld contains the hazard classifi cation for transport by sea.
Iodine value
An indication of the quantity of unsaturated fatty acids present in a fat; it represents the
number of grams of iodine absorbed by each 100 g of fat.
IUPAC name
International Union of Pure and applied Chemistry, IUPAC, standardized names of organic
compounds and created a systematic naming system.
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Kinematic viscosity
A coeffi cient defi ned as the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of a fl uid to its density.
Manufacturer
The name of manufacturer is given for commercial additives having a particular brand
name.
Melt index
The amount, in grams, of a thermoplastic material which can be forced through an extrusion
rheometer orifi ce of 0.0825 inch diameter when subjected to a force of 2160 grams in ten
minutes at 190°C.
Melting point
The melting point is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the substance under-
goes transition from the solid state into the liquid state.
Mixture
Information helps to distinguish between additives composed of a single components and
mixtures of plasticizing compounds.
Moisture content
Moisture concentration in commercial additive as declared by its manufacturer.
Molecular weight
The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule. The weight of a molecule of
any gas or vapor as compared with the hydrogen atom as a standard.
Mutagenicity
The capacity of a chemical or physical agent to cause permanent alteration of the genetic
material within living cells. Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic
potential include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.
Name
A proper name is used, which, in the case of commercial product, is a brand name given by
manufacturer and the most commonly used name in the case of generic compounds.
NFPA classifi cation
A rating system has been devised by the National Fire Protection Association, NFPA, to as-
sist emergency responders. The following are the simple explanations of numerical sym-
bols. Health: 0 – Like ordinary material, 1 – Slightly hazardous, 2 – Hazardous – use breath-
ing apparatus, 3 – Extremely dangerous – use full protective clothing, 4 – Too dangerous
to enter – vapor or liquid. Flammability: 0 – Will not burn, 1 – Must be preheated to burn,
2 – Ignites when moderately heated, 3 – Ignites at normal temperature, 4 - Extremely fl am-
mable. Reactivity: 0 – Normally stable, 1 – Unstable if heated – use normal precaution, 2
– Violent chemical change possible – use hose from distance, 3 – Strong shock or heat may
detonate – use monitors, 4 – May detonate – evacuate area if materials are exposed to fi re.
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