Database of Prompt Gammas from Slow Neutron Capture for Elemental Anal (IAEA Pub 1263)

263 Pages·2007·9.52 MB·English

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DATABASE OF PROMPT GAMMA RAYS
FROM SLOW NEUTRON CAPTURE
FOR ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency:
AFGHANISTAN GREECE NORWAY
ALBANIA GUATEMALA PAKISTAN
ALGERIA HAITI PANAMA
ANGOLA HOLY SEE PARAGUAY
ARGENTINA HONDURAS PERU
ARMENIA HUNGARY PHILIPPINES
AUSTRALIA ICELAND POLAND
AUSTRIA INDIA PORTUGAL
AZERBAIJAN INDONESIA QATAR
BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
BELARUS IRAQ ROMANIA
BELGIUM IRELAND
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
BELIZE ISRAEL
SAUDI ARABIA
BENIN ITALY
SENEGAL
BOLIVIA JAMAICA
SERBIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN
SEYCHELLES
BOTSWANA JORDAN
SIERRA LEONE
BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN
SINGAPORE
BULGARIA KENYA
SLOVAKIA
BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
SLOVENIA
CAMEROON KUWAIT
SOUTH AFRICA
CANADA KYRGYZSTAN
SPAIN
CENTRAL AFRICAN LATVIA
SRI LANKA
REPUBLIC LEBANON
SUDAN
CHAD LIBERIA
SWEDEN
CHILE LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA
SWITZERLAND
CHINA LIECHTENSTEIN
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
COLOMBIA LITHUANIA
TAJIKISTAN
COSTA RICA LUXEMBOURG
THAILAND
CÔTE D’IVOIRE MADAGASCAR
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV
CROATIA MALAWI
REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
CUBA MALAYSIA
TUNISIA
CYPRUS MALI
TURKEY
CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA
UGANDA
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS
OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UKRAINE
DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF
ECUADOR MONACO GREAT BRITAIN AND
EGYPT MONGOLIA NORTHERN IRELAND
ELSALVADOR MONTENEGRO UNITED REPUBLIC
ERITREA MOROCCO OF TANZANIA
ESTONIA MOZAMBIQUE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ETHIOPIA MYANMAR URUGUAY
FINLAND NAMIBIA UZBEKISTAN
FRANCE NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA
GABON NEW ZEALAND VIETNAM
GEORGIA NICARAGUA YEMEN
GERMANY NIGER ZAMBIA
GHANA NIGERIA ZIMBABWE
The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA
held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the
Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic
energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’.
DATABASE OF PROMPT GAMMA RAYS
FROM SLOW NEUTRON CAPTURE
FOR ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
VIENNA, 2007
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January 2007
STI/PUB/1263
IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Database of prompt gamma rays from slow neutron capture for elemental
analysis. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006.
p. ; 24 cm.
STI/PUB/1263
ISBN 92–0–101306–X
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Gamma rays. 2. Neutron beams. 3. Neutrons — Capture.
4. Neutron cross sections. I.International Atomic Energy Agency.
IAEAL 06–00466
FOREWORD
The increasing importance of prompt gamma ray activation analysis (PGAA) in a broad range of
applications is evident, and has been emphasized at many meetings related to this topic. Furthermore, an
Advisory Group Meeting (AGM) for the Coordination of the International Network of Nuclear Structure and
Decay Data Evaluators concluded that there is a need for a complete library of gamma ray and cross-section data
from cold and thermal neutron capture (the AGM was held in Budapest, 14–18 October 1996); this AGM also
recommended the organization of an IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on this subject.
The nuclear data programmes of the IAEA arose as a consequence of the advisory reviews of the
International Nuclear Data Committee (INDC). At a biennial meeting in 1997, the INDC strongly recommended
that the IAEA support new measurements and update the database on the analysis of prompt gamma ray
activation induced by neutrons.
As a consequence of the various recommendations, a CRP, entitled Development of a Database for Prompt
Gamma Ray Neutron Activation Analysis (PGAA), was initiated in 1999. Prior to this project, several
consultants had defined the scope, objectives and tasks of this CRP, as approved subsequently by the IAEA.
Each CRP participant assumed responsibility for the execution of specific tasks. The results of their work and of
other research were discussed and approved by the participants in Research Coordination Meetings (RCMs)
held in 2000, 2001 and 2003.
Prompt gamma ray activation analysis is a non-destructive radioanalytical method capable of rapid or
simultaneous in situ multielement analyses across the entire periodic table, from hydrogen to uranium. However,
inaccurate and incomplete data have been a significant hindrance in the qualitative and quantitative analyses of
complicated neutron capture gamma spectra by means of PGAA. Therefore, the main goal of the CRP was to
improve the quality and quantity of the required data in order to make possible the reliable application of PGAA
in fields such as materials science, chemistry, geology, mining, archaeology, the environment, food analysis and
medicine. This aim was achieved due to the dedicated work and effort of the participants. The CD-ROM
included with this publication contains the database, retrieval system, three RCM reports, and other important
electronic documents related to the project (see also Chapter 8).
The IAEA wishes to thank all CRP participants who contributed to the success of this project and to the
formulation of this publication. The IAEA is grateful to R.B. Firestone for his leading role in the evolution of
this CRP and for his comprehensive compilation, analysis and provision of the adopted database, and to
V.Zerkin for the software developments associated with the retrieval system. An essential component of this
data compilation is the extensive set of new measurements of neutron capture gamma ray energies and intensities
undertaken at the Institute of Isotope and Surface Chemistry, Budapest. The IAEA is also grateful to
S.C. Frankle and M.A. Lone for their active involvement as consultants at some of the meetings. The technical
officer responsible for the CRP, this publication and the resulting database was R. Paviotti-Corcuera of the
Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences.
Contributors:
Choi, H.D. Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
Firestone, R.B. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States of America
Lindstrom, R.M. National Institute for Standards and Technology, United States of America
Molnár, G.L. Institute of Isotope and Surface Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Hungary
Mughabghab, S.F. Brookhaven National Laboratory, United States of America
Paviotti-Corcuera, R. International Atomic Energy Agency
Révay, Z. Institute of Isotope and Surface Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Hungary
Trkov, A. International Atomic Energy Agency
Zerkin, V. International Atomic Energy Agency
Zhou, Chunmei China Nuclear Data Centre, China
EDITORIAL NOTE
This database has been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA to the extent considered necessary for the reader’s
assistance. The views expressed remain, however, the responsibility of the named authors. In addition, the views are not
necessarily those of the governments of the nominating Member States or of the nominating organizations.
Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the
IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use.
The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as
to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.
The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any
intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the
IAEA.
The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use
material from sources already protected by copyrights.
Material prepared by authors who are in contractual relation with governments is copyrighted by the IAEA, as publisher,
only to the extent permitted by the appropriate national regulations.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
R.M. Lindstrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References to Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
CHAPTER 2. NOMENCLATURE, WESTCOTT g FACTORS AND NEUTRON
W
SPECTRAL SHAPE DEPENDENT FORMALISM
H.D. Choi, A. Trkov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Definitions and nomenclature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1. Prompt k factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0
2.2.2. Elemental cross-sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.3. Effective capture cross-sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.4. Thermal and epithermal fluxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.5. Westcott g factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3. Generalized formalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.1. Capture rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.2. Non-1/v absorbers, effective g factors and cadmium ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.3. Prompt capture gamma counting rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.4. Experimental k factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
0
2.4. Concluding remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References to Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF PGAA FACILITIES
H.D. Choi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1. The SNU-KAERI PGAA facility and diffracted polychromatic neutron beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2. Characterization of prompt gamma neutron activation analysis at the Dalat research reactor. . 24
3.2.1. Experimental configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.2. Characteristics of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3. Prompt gamma activation analysis at NIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4. Neutron capture gamma ray facilities at the Budapest Research Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.1. Beam characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.2. Instrumentation at the Budapest PGAA facility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.3. Detection efficiency and system non-linearity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.4. Data acquisition and analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5. Prompt gamma ray neutron activation analysis at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre . . . . . . 31
3.5.1. PGAA systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5.2. Sample irradiation and data acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5.3. Energy calibration and peak area analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5.4. Efficiency calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5.5. The new beam facility at the Dhruva reactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6. Summary of experimental facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.7. Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
References to Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
CHAPTER 4. BENCHMARKS AND REFERENCE MATERIALS
R.M. Lindstrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2. Characterization of neutron beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3. Analysis of unknown samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.4. Cross-section measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References to Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
CHAPTER 5. THERMAL NEUTRON CAPTURE CROSS-SECTIONS AND
NEUTRON SEPARATION ENERGIES
R.B. Firestone, S.F. Mughabghab, G.L. Molnár. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2. Thermal cross-section evaluation methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3. Adopted thermal neutron cross-sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.4. Experimental thermal neutron cross-sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.5. Neutron separation energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References to Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
CHAPTER 6. DATA SOURCES AND EVALUATION METHODOLOGY
R.B. Firestone, G.L. Molnár, Z. Révay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.1. Prompt gamma ray source databases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.1.1. The database of Lone et al.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.1.2. The ENSDF database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.1.3. The Reedy and Frankle database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.1.4. The Budapest database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.2. Evaluation databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.3. Adopted gamma ray energies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.4. Adopted gamma ray cross-sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.5. Radioactive decay data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References to Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
CHAPTER 7. ADOPTED DATABASE AND USER TABLES
R.B. Firestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2. Presentation of numerical uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.3. Isotopic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.4. Radioactive decay data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.5. The k formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
0
7.6. PGAA data tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.6.1. Prompt gamma rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.6.2. Radioactive decay gamma rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.6.3. Energy ordered gamma ray table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
References to Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
CHAPTER 8. CD-ROM FOR THE IAEA-PGAA DATABASE
R.B. Firestone, V. Zerkin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8.2. The IAEA-PGAA database viewer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8.3. The PGAA data files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.4. The evaluated gamma ray activation file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.5. PGAA database evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
8.6. The Isotope Explorer 2.2 ENSDF viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
References to Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
APPENDIX I. GAMMA RAY CROSS-SECTION DATA MEASURED WITH THE THERMAL
NEUTRON BEAM OF THE BUDAPEST REACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
APPENDIX II. REFERENCES FROM THE ENSDF THERMAL NEUTRON
CAPTURE GAMMA RAY DATABASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
ACRONYMS FOR PROMPT GAMMA ACTIVATION ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251