Data Structures and Algorithms in Java, 5th Edi..

729 Pages·2012·17.86 MB·English

fiFTH EDITION
InternatiSotnuadle nVte rsion
DataS tructuarneds
AlgoritihnmJ sa va
'l FiftEhd ition
InternatSitoundaelVn etr sion
MichaTe.lG oodrich
..
' DepartmoefCn otm puter Science
UniveorfCs ailtiyf omia, Irvine
RoberTtaom assia
DepartomfCe onmtp uStceire nce
BrowUnn iversity
I
\
I
JohWni ley & Sons, Inc.
I

Perafce
This internatiDoanStataulr c tsautnruAdedl seg notri iJnvta pehvrrmaoss ­i on of
viadne soi dnutetrtdoia sottrnau catnaudlr geosr iintchltmuhsdde,iei nsragi n ganl,­
ysainsid,m plemeInntt earotmfcisu o rnr.i counthl eaI EEbEaIs2Ae0Cd0M 1
ComuptinCgu rcruilutmhb,io soi kas p profporri atuthsceeeo uiCrnSs1 e0s2
(110v/Bei rosnCsS13)0( ,11 0v/Bei rosnCsSll)(l,Av e rsainCodS1n21)(,A II/O/F/H
ver)sW.iedo inssi ctuusssf eross uccohu irmnso edrsee tlaaiitthnlei rs f caper.e
Thmeja ocrh anitgnhe ese dfiiftathrti ehof lenol owing:
Wea ddmeodre ex amapnlddei ss coufds asstitaor nua cnatdlu groer ithm
•
anyaisls.
Wee nhacnocntesedinw scityth hJea C voal leFcrtaoimroe.kwn s
•
We enhtahdneic secdou afsl sgioordnie tsthiemngciinhcq l uiedksye,n amic
•
promgmriaanngtd hg er emeedtyh od.
We addmeadt eonrniei mwap lrJ oav11ve0amd e tsh.o d
•
Wec retahtiiensdt enrnaastlti uodveenrtso itfoh bneo owkh,ic cohn tains
•
contseuancsJth a, iv nat ernatainiodnn taelrniuazntaimittooisrano,­epan l
propfrorirea atodeue trssNi odrAetm heo rfai nEcdua r ope.
Wea ddade ids coutfsh dseii ffoenbr eetnwarcerevea anyar biimeea- snsaign­
•
ment acnldo narirnagy.
We_i nclauned xepdad nidsecdou tfsh sDeie oqinun eat ceaern fde LLdiisntk
•
cliansJsa va.
Wei ncrceoavseoerefdan gtoebre jyci ttnsh J ea va CForlalomereckwt.i on
•
Wef uilnltye aglcrloaf dtareeg dm AePntituos � gee nteytpiecs .
•
Wea dddeidsi couonsfss Ntvahiegb alteiaMnaatpce� esrw ,fe altslhiemir-
•
plemenithtnae Jt aCivooaln lse Fcrtaimoeunwssois rnklkgi i ps ts.
Wei ncladu idsecdou tfsh Jseai TvoeranMe acpl ass.
•
Wep rovdiirdsiecpdot fi ostnohsrme te itnhgo dsi tnih Jneacl vliaub dreadr y.
•
Wee xpaanndrdees dve eidxc eirsceosn,t iounarup ipnrogof da icvhi ding
•
thienmt oo rercmeecinrntvef,ia attnyipd,rj oeecxtes recsi.
Thbiosio rske ltaot feltodlh oehw oionkgs :
M.GTo.o dRr.Ti maacshs,ai naDd,. MM.o uDnatSta,t ruancdtA ulrgeos­
•
ritihnm sJ oWhinl eSyno sI,n Tch.bi osoh kaa ss· i moivlearr­
C++, &
alslt rutctot hpuerr eebs oeonbktuu, ts Ce+sa+ st h uen delralnygiunagg e
(wistho mmeo dbeusntte ,cr eyps esdaagdoiegffrnieccreaeslq ubiytr heids
appcrh.o) a
• M.TG.o odarniRd.cT hina asAsligao,Dr eistiFhgomnu :n daAtniaolnyss,i s,
anIdn tEeaxrnientJp olWheinsl ,eS yo InnsTc,h. ii ass tefxoatr bmooorke
&
advaanlcgeodr idtahstmtasr ucacontudur rseaessC, S 12s0(uT c/hW /C/S
versiithnoe In EsE)E I2A01Cc0 Mu rriculum.
vii
viii Praecfe
Usaesa T ebxotok
Thed esiagnnda nalyosfei fsf icdiaetsnatt r ucthuarsle osnb ge erne cognaisz ed
av itsaulb jiencc to mputfiontrgh ,se t udoyfd atsat ructiuspr aerostft hceo roef
evecroyl iecgoiamtpeu ter asncdci oemnpcueet negri neemraijnogr prwoega rraem
familwiiatrTh y.p icatlhlieyn ,t roduccotuorrasyre pesr esenatsae t dw oo-rt hree­
coursseeq uenEclee.m entdaartsyat ructaurroeef st berni eiflnyt rodiunct ehde
firsptr ogramcmoiunrgos rie n iannt roduteoct oimopnu stceire cnocuer asnedt his
isf oliobwyea dm orien -deipntthr oduteodt aitosant ructiuntr heceso urses that
follaofwt tehri Fsu.r thermore, stehqiuse insctc oyeu priscfeao lliiyo awtae l da ter
poiinntt hceu rricublyua mm orien -despttuhod fyd atsatr uctuarnedas l gorithms.
Wef eetlh athtec entrroalolef d atsat rucdteusrieag nnda nalyisnti hse curriculum
isf uljiuys tigfiievdte,hn ie m portoafne cffiec iednatts at ructiunmr oessst o ftware
systeimnsc,l utdhiWene gb o,p erastyisntge dmast,as beasc,o mpilers, and scientific
·
simulastyisotne ms.
With etmheer geonftc heoe b je-ocrti epnatreadd aisgt mhf er amerwkoofc hoice
fobru ildrionbgua sntdr e usasbolfet wwaerh ea,vt er iteotd ak ea c onsisotbejnetc t­
orientveide wpotihnrto ugthhoiutste xtO.n eo ft hem aiind eaofst heo bject­
orienatpepdr oiasct hha dta tsah oubledp resenatsbe edi negn capsuwliatttheh de
methotdhsaa tc ceasnsdm oditfhye mT.h aits r,a thtehras ni mpvliye widnagt a
asa c oliecotfbi yotnae nsd a ddressweest ,h ionfkd atoab jeacsti sn staonfca ens
abrscatdatt tyape ( ADT),
whicihn cluadr eesp ertoofmi erteh ofdospr e rforming
operatoindo antsoa b jeocftt sh itsy pLei.k ewoibsjee, ct-osroileunttaierodoen f s­
degsnpi aetrnts,
teonr ganiuzteidl iczoimnmgo n whicfha cil.istoaftterw eaursee
5
andr obustnTheusss,w. e p reseeanctdh a tsat rucutsuirnAegD Tsa ndt herier-
spectiimvpel ementaantdwi eoi nnst urcoeid mportdaènstip gant teamsms e antso
organtihzoeis mep lementianttciolo anesssms ,e thoadnsdo, b jects.
Pore acAhD Tp reseinntte hdib so okw,ep roviadnae s saotceiJda vian terface.
Alscoo,n crdeattseat ructrueraelsit zhiAenD gT sa rdei scusasnedwd eo ftgeinv e
concrJeatvceal asismepst ementthieinsnget erfWaeca elss.o Jgaivivame p lemen­
tatiooffn usn dameanltgaolr istuhcmahsss , o rtainndgg r apshe archiMnogr.e over,
ina ddititoopn r ovidtiencgh nifqouures si dnagt sat ructtuoir mepsl emAeDnTts ,
wea lsgoi ve saamppplliec aotfdi aotsnats r uctsuurcaehssi ,nH TMLt amga tching
and as impslyes tteomm a intaap ihno taol buDmu.et os paclei mitahtoiwoenvse,r ,
wes ometismheosow n lcyo dferagmeonfst osmiem plementiantt hiiboson osak n d
makaed ditisoonuarcleo ed aev ailoanbt lhece o mpanwieobns itTeh.eJ avcao de
imptemenftui:pnqga:n.I, t1lelnd atsat ructiqrnte h�ib so oiks. Q rganiinztaeos d i ngle
nte.dattruaess,t ruc
Javpaa ckage, whicfho rmacs o herleinbtr oafdr ayt sat ructures
anda lgoriitnJh amvssa pe cificdaelsliyg fnoeerdd ucationali nap w uarpyto hsaets
nte.adsatrtreusc tu
isc omplemenwtiattrhhy Je a vCao llecFtriaomnesw oTrhke.
libriasr yrn eoqtu ihroewde,v teorg ,ef tu li use from this book.
Preafce ix
OnelR isenoruces
Thibso oikas c compbayan nie exdt enascmcipovaen ysieontfog n lrienseo urces,
whiccahbn ef ouanttd h feo llowweisbni gt e:
wwww.iyl.emc/ogojlgolbgjaodoirch
Studaerneetn sc outrouas gteeh dsi isat leo wnigtt hhbe o otkho, e wlipte hxe r­
cisaensid n crease uonftd heseru sbtjIaenncsdtti.rn augrcl eti okrewswe ilsceo me
tou steh sei ttohe e lplpan o,r ganainpzdr ee,s ent tmhaetierrI incacollusur.ds eed
ont hWiesbs iitasec oneeotfei dounc aatiitdohsnaa autlg mtehnteto poiftc hsi s
boofkob,ro stthu daennidtn ss trBuecctaoourftss he.ea idrdv eadl suoemo,eft hese
onlrienseo uarrpceae sss wporrodt ected.
Fotrh Set undte
Foarlr le adaenredss ,p ecfiosartl uldywe eni tnsc,lt uhfdeoe l lorweisnogu rces:
AltlhJ eva a s oucroedpeer esentbeodo ki.n this
•
PDFh andoofPu otwse rpsoliin(dtfe osu r-pperro-vptiaoidg neesd)t ructors.
•
A dataobfha isntetao sll e xerciinsdeebsxyp,e r do bnluemmb er.
•
Ano nlsitnuegd uyi wdhei,ic nhc lsuodleustt osi eolnesec xteerdc ises.
•
Thhei nsthso ubleod fc onsiduesrteaoa b nlyeon neee dail nigth tleelg pe tting
staorntee edr teaxieor cainstdeh sseo, l utiohnesla pns yhoownuiels dht iosn ege
compleexteerdcS itsuedswe.hn oht asv e puarn cehcwao spoeyftd h bioso wki ll
gepta sswaocrctdeot s hshe i natnosdt hpears sword-opnrlroietnseeoc uatrtec de s
noe xtrcah arOgteh.e r craepnau drecrphsaa ssseaw cocrfedos arns o mifneael.
- .
Fotrh Iesn tructor
Foirn structthobirosso wkuei,s n icnltguh fdeoe l loawdidnigtt ieoancaahilid nsg:
Soluttiooov ntesrwh ou ndorfte hdbe o oekx'esr cises.
•
Ad ataobfaa dsdei teixoenracsliu sietfsaoq,bru l iez azneedxs a ms.
•
Thceo mpnlteet.aedt suarcttmpeasck age.
•
AdidtiJoansvaoalu croedee .
•
SliidnPe osw erapnoPdiD nFt (one-per-page) format.
•
Self-cosnpteaciinaeld- topiicn clsuuddpiipsnlcgeuo msenscn iotonsnv,se x
•
hulrlasnt,gr eea ensod,r thosgeognmaielnn tte rsection.
Ready-ttuorn--upksreeoy,j ceocmtpswl,ie sttuhep poJratcvioandf geog rr aphical­
•
userint(eGtfUaiscsote) hs,sa ttu dceancnto snceonntd rasattrtaue c dteu-re
.s ign,illlpalnuedsm aergnaett,ah teiGroUtnlph, ra ong ramming.
Thsel iadrefesu leldyi tsaoab slt eoa, l laoniw nstruuscittnhogbir os o fuklf lr ee­
domi nc ustomhiiozsrhi enprgr esenAtlatlth oieno lnrisen.se o uarrepc reosv ided
ant oe xtrcah atroag neiy n structtohrbi osaof dkooh rpio tsrhi encrgo urse.
Precfea
x
AR eusrocfeoT raec hgiD tnaaS ttrruueacsnA dl rgtiohsm
Thbiosco okn tmaainJnyas v aa-ncpdeos uddeo f-arcgomdeaenn tds ,h oufn dreds
exerwchiiascredhesi ,vi indrteoodu 4g0hr%ley i nfoerxiceser4mec0esc%n,r t e ­
atievxcieitrsayen 2sd0 ,p% r ogrparjmcoem.ti sng
Thbiosco akbn eu setdh CefSc o2or u ardsse es,ci itnrh 1be798e A dC MC om­
puStceirCe unrcrei ocirucn lo uuCmrS1,s2 0 e( sI /v0re/sBiC oS1n3 0s( )I/,0v /eBr ­
si)oC,nS1 s 1( 1Av e rsainodCn/S1)o2 1,(r A /I/v0e/r)Fsa/,idsH oe nssci rtnih bee d
IEEAEC/M2 0C01op mutCiunrgr iwciuitlnhus mt,ru uncaitstoi suo tnliainln ed
TalbOeI. .
lnstruUcntiito nal RelevMaantte rial
PLl. OvoefPr rvoigerwa Lmamnignuga Cgheasp t1e 2r s
&
PL2V.ri tluM aachines Sect1i.4o1n,1s. 4 11..2,1 .431 .
&
PL.3 IntroLdauneagtguiTeor snan lttaioo nS ect19i. on
PL4D.e cltairoaannTsdy p es Setcio1n.s21 .,42 ,. 5
&
PL5A.b stroancM teichanisms Sceti2o.n54s., 51 2.,,5 .631.,. 61.,62 .,4 ,
6.731.,7, . 138,.. 91.,91 .,15 41,,. 13.1
&
PL6O.bj ect-OPrrioegnrtaemdm ingC hapt1e 2ras n Sdce ti6o.n2s6. .23,,
&
7..3781,.2 ., 1.33.1
&
PF1F.u ndamPernotmgamrlia nCgo nstrCuhcatpst1 e 2r s
&
PF2A.l goraintPdhr mbosl em-SolvSiencgt 1i9.o n4s, 2
&
PF3F.u ndamDeantStata rlu cturesS etcio3n1.s5,1 . -35..2,36, 1,. ---ó.741.,,
7.31,8, . 893..,91 .-14.0,1 ,1. 31
&
PF.4R ecursion Sceti3o.n5
SE1S.o tfwaDrees ign Chap2ta enrSd e ct6i.o.2n26s,. 13.,3 .7,
81.2., 1.331.
&
SE2U.s iAnPgi s Sect2i.o54n1.,s5, 2 . ·5,.6 31.,. 61.,2 , 6.4,
6.731.,7, . 13,.1 9,81. .9,. 1541,, . 13.1
&
ALlB.a sAilcg oriAtnlhamyisci s Chap4t er
AL2A.l ghomriiSctt rategies Sceti1o.1n1s1. .11.5,11 ,.23 .11.2,42 .,
&
12.2
AL3F.u ndamCeonmtpaulAt lignogr itShemcst 8i1.o4.n,8s2 . .82.,3 9..52,9, .. 31,
&
anCdh apt1,e11r ,2s 13
&
DS1 F.u nctRieolnasta,in oSdne st,s Sceti4o1.n8,s1. ,1 .14
&
DS3P.r oToefhc niques Setcio4n.6s31 .,4. 7,� 38..313,.0, 2 1,.0 3,
1.0410, . 15,211 ..'1 .1.3'11 .41.13,3' . 1
131.1,334 .,. 13.5
&
DS4B.a soifCc osu nting Sceti2o.n2s. 13.11 5.
&
DS5Q.r apahnTsdr ees Chap7t,8e r,1s 0 ,1 3
&
DS6D.is creotbeaPbrility AppenAd ainxSd e cti9o.n29s.. 24,. 2,
1.121.,1 .15
&
0.M1a:t efroUirna iilttn hs Ie E EEM/2 A01CC0 moputCiunrgr iculum.
Table
Preafce xi
ContentOsr gaanndi zation
Thceh apftoetrrh csio su rsoer gaarnteiop z reodva ip deed agopgaittchhsaa tlta rts
witthhb ea soifJc asv par ograamnmodib njge ct-doersiiWegennp t.re odva ind e
eardliys cuosfcs oinocnsr tertuec ltiuakrreer asan,yld si nlkiessdtoa s st, op r ovide
ac oncretteob ufioulopdtow inhn ecgno nstroutchdteairstn tagr uctutrheesn. We
adfdo undatteicohnnlaiilqrk ueeec su arnsadil ogno raintahlmy siintsh ,me a ainnd ,
portoifto hbneo owke,p resfeunntd amdeanstttaar lu catnaudlr geosr ciotnh­ms,
cludwiinatdg hi scuosfms eimoonmr ayn age(mtehinasthtt,e a rchituencd­teurral
pinnoifdn agststra u ctSupreecsai)l,fi.tl c hyceh apftoetrrh bsio so akro er ganized
asf ollows:
1.J avPar ogrammBiansgi cs
2.O bject-nOterdiD eeisgn
3.A rrayLsi,n kLeids tasn,dR ecurns io
4.M athematFiocaulna dtions
5.S tacaknsd Q ueues
6.L isAtb stractions
7.T reSet ructures.
8.P riorQiuteyu es
9.M apsa ndD ictionaries
10S.e arcThr eSet ructures
11S.o rtianngdS election
12T.e xPt roecssing
13G.r aphs
14M.e mory
M
.·AUs.e f�fathematFiaccatls
A mordee taliilseotdfti hncego ntoeftn htbisos oc kab nef ouinntdh tea bolfe
contents.
xii Praecfe
Pereruqiietss
Weh avwer itttheibnso o aks sumtihnagt r etahdece orm etsoi twi tche rtkanionw l­
edgeW.ea ssutmhea tthr ee adiesar tl eavsatg uely famaih liigahr- lweivtehl pro­
gramming lasnugcuahas Cg ,eC ,+ +P,y thoonrJ, a vaan,d t hahteo rs heu nder­
stantdhse mcaoinns trfurcostmus c ahh igh-lleavnegluaingcel,u ding:
Variaabnldee xsp ressions.
•
Metho(dasl ksnoo wansf unctoirop nrso cedures).
•
Decissitrounc tu(rseuasc shi f-stataenmdse wnittsct ha-tesments).
•
Iterasttirounc t(ufroers- laonodwp hsi le-loops).
•
Forr eadwehrosa rfea milwiiattrhh ecsoen ceptnso,t w ibtuhhto wt heayr eex ­
1.
presisenJd a vwae,p roviapd rei moenrt hJea vlaa nguiangC eh apteSrt itlhli,s
booiksp rimaard ialtysa t ructbuoroekns,oa tJ avbao okh;e nciedt,o �en optrovide
ac omprehetnrseiavteom feJ natvN ae.v erthweeld eosn soa,ts sumet htrehe aatd er
isn ecessfaarmiillywi iatorhb ject-odreiseinogtrnwe idt lhi nksetdr uctsuurcehs ,
asl inkleidsf tostr,h etsoep iacrsce o veriend tcohrece h aptoeftr hsib soko .
Int eromfsm athemabtaicckag!r owuean sds,u tmhere e adiessro mewhfaatm il­
iawri tht opifrcosm h igh-school maEtvhesenom i,an tC ihcasp.t4 e,wr e d iscuss
thseevmeno st-impfourntcatnfitoo arnl sg orithm Ianfn aaclstye,sc itisot.nh sau ts e
something otohneeor ft htheassnee v efnu nctairoceno sn sidoeprteido annadal r,e
indicwaitteahds tar Weg ivaes ummaorfyo thuesre fmualt hemaftaicctas!,
(*).
incluedlienmge nptraorbya biinlA iptpye,n dix A.
AbotuhtAe u otrhs
ProfesGsooordsr iacnhdT amassairawe e ll-recorgensiezaerdic nha elrgso rithms
andd atsat ructhuarveispn,ug b lismbaendyp apeirnts h ifise lwdi,t ahp plications
toI ntercnoemtp utiinnfgo,r mavtiisouznaa ltiicoonm,p usteecru raintdgy e,o met­
riceo mputiTnhgeh.ya vsee rvaespd r inciinpvaels tiignsa etvoerjrsoa ilpn rto jects
spousobryte hdNe a tioSncaile nFcoeu ndattihAoern m,y R esearOcffihc et,h Oef ­
ficeo fN av aRle searacnhtd,h D ee fenAsdve a neReeds eaPrrcohj eAcgtesn cTyh.e y
arael saoc tiivnee d ucattieocnhanlo rleosgeya rch.
MichaGeolo drircehc eihviePsdh .Di.nC omputSecri enfcreoP mu rdUunei ­
1987.
versiint y Hei sc urreanC thlayn ceilor'si ntP hrDeoe fpeasrstomorfeC notm ­
putSecri enactUe n iverosfCi atlyi foImrivai,Pn ree.v iohuesw laysa, p rofeasts or
JohnHso pkiUnnsi versHieti sya .ne ditfoorarn umbeorfj oumailncs o mputer
scietnhceeo croymp,u tatigoenoamle trayn,dg raaphl goriHtehi msas n.A CM Dis­
tinguiSschieedn atF iesltl,oo ftw h Aell leriAcsasno ciaftotirho Aend v ancemoefn t
Scien(cAeA ASa)F ,u lbrSicghhotl aanrda,F ellooftw h IeE EEH.ei sar ecipoife nt
thIeE EEC omputer SToecchineityAc cah!vi eemeAnwta rdt,hA eC MR ecognition
ofS ervAiwcaer da,n dt hPeo nAdw ardf oErx cellienUn ncdee rgraTdeaucahtien g.
Precfea xiii
RobeTmaratsors eicaeh iiPvshe .idEDn l. e catnrCdio cmpaEulnt geirn eering
formt hUen ivoeIfrl sliaitUtnyr o biasn a-iC1nh8 a98mH.pei a tsih Pgeln a stech
PreosfosCfoo rm pSuctieaernn tdchC eeh aoitfrh D ee partmeonCftmo puStceir­
enacBter oUwnni vHeeri assli tsDyoi. rt eohBcfert oosCrw e nn'ftoGerer o metrie
CompuHtiisn gri.en steeiarnrecclshut dse s eicncufrroiyrtpmpytaha,otyn gi,aro lan­
ysdiess,ai ngidnm ,p lemoeafnl tgaotrgiirotadnhpr mhas wa,inc dno gm putational
geomeHteir asyn . IFEeElaEln oadrw e cioptfih Teeeen hto Aicchaile vement
Awarfodr mt hIeE ECEo muptSeoirce ftoypr,ie oenrthiefin egol gfdr adprha w­
inHge.i a sn e diotfo rsj eomvuaeilrgnsae lo maentgdrr iaaepl hg osr.Hie t hm
prveiosuesrlovynte heded itoroiIfaE lETE ran bsoaaorcCdnt o pimuo.tn esr s
Ianct ditttohi reoeinsr ea acrccohm plthies hamuethnhatoevsrxe,st eanlssiov e
expeirtnihe cenl caes Fsorro oemDx.raG .mo poldherat,isa c uhdg ahsttta r uctures
anadl gocroiutirhnsmcesls Du,ad Stitanr gua castf eurhsrmeasn -msoolrpeehv oel
couarnIsdne t rotdAoul oegrtiiatoashnnu m pspl eecrvo eulHr ehs aees.a rsneevd­
ertaela cahwiainrtngdh c sia sp aHcitiset aycs.ht iytnliogen vitoshsl etv ueid ne nts
livienltyec rlaacstssiervsoetso hibmaor tnio snu gti ntthuaein itdni hsotbinseg hind
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