Data Dictionary—Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images

61 Pages·2002·0.18 MB·English

NISO Z39.87-2002
AIIM 20-2002
Data Dictionary—Technical Metadata for
Digital Still Images
Developed by the
National Information Standards Organization and
AIIM International
Status: Released as a Draft Standard for Trial Use
June 1, 2002 – December 31, 2003
Publication of this draft standard for trial use and comment has been approved by the National
Information Standards Organization and AIIM International. Distribution of this draft standard for
comment shall not continue beyond 18 months from the date of publication. It is expected that
following this 18 month period, this draft standard, revised as necessary, will be submitted to the
American National Standards Institute for approval as an American National Standard.
Suggestions for revision should be directed to NISO.
National Information Standards Organization
About Draft Standards for Trial Use (DSFTU)
A Draft Standard for Trial Use (DSFTU) is released when there is a need for field experience before
proceeding with balloting. This DSFTU has not been balloted by the NISO members or the AIIM
Standards Board and it is not a consensus document.
Distribution of this DSFTU shall not continue beyond eighteen months from the date of publication. At the
end of this time, this draft standard will be revised as necessary and balloted, or withdrawn. During the
trail use period, comments on its use or suggestions for revision should be directed to NISO. Questions
on the status of this document should be directed to NISO.
At the end of the trial use period, the draft standard is returned to the NISO Standards Development
Committee, along with any comments received for final action. If no substantive comments are received,
the draft standard is processed by the Fast Track procedure. If substantive comments are received, the
Standards committee which developed this draft will be reconvened to evaluate the comments and
recommend further action.
NISO
4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300
Bethesda, MD 20814
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Web site: http://www.niso.org
AIIM International
1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100
Silver Spring, MD 20910-5603 USA
Telephone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.aiim.org
Copyright © 2002 by the National Information Standards Organization and AIIM International.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this
document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission in
writing from the publisher.
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NISO Z39.87 / AIIM 20-2002 — DATA DICTIONARY TECHNICAL METADATA FOR DIGITAL STILL IMAGES
Contents
Foreword....................................................................................................................................................viii
1 Purpose and scope...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Metadata out of scope......................................................................................................................1
2 Application.............................................................................................................................................1
2.1 Audience...........................................................................................................................................2
2.2 Design goals.....................................................................................................................................2
2.3 Implementation guidelines................................................................................................................2
2.3.1 Metadata encoding..................................................................................................................2
2.3.2 Metadata production................................................................................................................2
2.3.3 Metadata assumptions............................................................................................................2
3 Definitions..............................................................................................................................................3
4 References.............................................................................................................................................3
5 Field reference guide............................................................................................................................4
5.1 Documentation..................................................................................................................................4
5.2 Data types.........................................................................................................................................4
6 Basic image parameters.......................................................................................................................5
6.1 Format...............................................................................................................................................5
6.1.1 MIMEType...............................................................................................................................5
6.1.2 ByteOrder................................................................................................................................5
6.1.3 Compression............................................................................................................................6
6.1.3.1 CompressionScheme........................................................................................................6
6.1.3.2 CompressionLevel............................................................................................................6
6.1.4 PhotometricInterpretation........................................................................................................6
6.1.4.1 ColorSpace.......................................................................................................................6
6.1.4.2 ICCProfile..........................................................................................................................8
6.1.4.2.1 ProfileName.............................................................................................................8
6.1.4.2.2 ProfileURL................................................................................................................8
6.1.4.3 YCbCrSubSampling..........................................................................................................8
6.1.4.4 YCbCrPositioning..............................................................................................................8
6.1.4.5 YCbCrCoefficients.............................................................................................................9
6.1.4.6 ReferenceBlackWhite.......................................................................................................9
6.1.5 Segments.................................................................................................................................9
6.1.5.1 SegmentType..................................................................................................................10
6.1.5.2 StripOffsets.....................................................................................................................10
6.1.5.3 RowsPerStrip..................................................................................................................11
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6.1.5.4 StripByteCounts..............................................................................................................11
6.1.5.5 TileWidth.........................................................................................................................11
6.1.5.6 TileLength.......................................................................................................................11
6.1.5.7 TileOffsets.......................................................................................................................11
6.1.5.8 TileByteCounts................................................................................................................12
6.1.6 PlanarConfiguration...............................................................................................................12
6.2 File..................................................................................................................................................12
6.2.1 ImageIdentifier.......................................................................................................................12
6.2.1.1 ImageIdentifierLocation...................................................................................................12
6.2.2 FileSize..................................................................................................................................13
6.2.3 Checksum..............................................................................................................................13
6.2.3.1 ChecksumMethod...........................................................................................................13
6.2.3.2 ChecksumValue..............................................................................................................13
6.2.4 Orientation.............................................................................................................................14
6.2.5 DisplayOrientation.................................................................................................................14
6.2.6 TargetedDisplayAR...............................................................................................................15
6.2.6.1 XTargetedDisplayAR.......................................................................................................15
6.2.6.2 YTargetedDisplayAR.......................................................................................................15
6.3 PreferredPresentation.....................................................................................................................15
7 Image creation.....................................................................................................................................16
7.1 SourceType.....................................................................................................................................16
7.2 SourceID.........................................................................................................................................16
7.3 ImageProducer...............................................................................................................................17
7.4 HostComputer.................................................................................................................................17
7.4.1 OS (Operating System).........................................................................................................17
7.4.2 OSVersion.............................................................................................................................18
7.5 DeviceSource..................................................................................................................................18
7.6 ScanningSystemCapture................................................................................................................18
7.6.1 ScanningSystemHardware....................................................................................................18
7.6.1.1 ScannerManufacturer.....................................................................................................18
7.6.1.2 ScannerModel.................................................................................................................19
7.6.1.2.1 ScannerModelName..............................................................................................19
7.6.1.2.2 ScannerModelNumber...........................................................................................19
7.6.1.2.3 ScannerModelSerialNo..........................................................................................19
7.6.2 ScanningSystemSoftware.....................................................................................................19
7.6.2.1 ScanningSoftware...........................................................................................................19
7.6.2.2 ScanningSoftwareVersionNo..........................................................................................20
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7.6.3 ScannerCaptureSettings.......................................................................................................20
7.6.3.1 PixelSize.........................................................................................................................20
7.6.3.2 PhysScanResolution.......................................................................................................20
7.6.3.2.1 XphysScanResolution............................................................................................20
7.6.3.2.2 YphysScanResolution............................................................................................20
7.7 DigitalCameraCapture....................................................................................................................21
7.7.1 DigitalCameraManufacturer...................................................................................................21
7.7.2 DigitalCameraModel..............................................................................................................21
7.7.3 CameraCaptureSettings........................................................................................................21
7.7.3.1 FNumber.........................................................................................................................21
7.7.3.2 ExposureTime.................................................................................................................21
7.7.3.3 Brightness.......................................................................................................................22
7.7.3.4 ExposureBias..................................................................................................................22
7.7.3.5 SubjectDistance..............................................................................................................22
7.7.3.6 MeteringMode.................................................................................................................22
7.7.3.7 SceneIlluminant...............................................................................................................23
7.7.3.8 ColorTemp......................................................................................................................23
7.7.3.9 FocalLength....................................................................................................................23
7.7.3.10 Flash.........................................................................................................................24
7.7.3.11 FlashEnergy..............................................................................................................24
7.7.3.12 FlashReturn...............................................................................................................24
7.7.3.13 BackLight..................................................................................................................24
7.7.3.14 ExposureIndex..........................................................................................................25
7.7.3.15 AutoFocus.................................................................................................................25
7.7.3.16 PrintAspectRatio.......................................................................................................25
7.7.3.16.1XPrintAspectRatio..................................................................................................25
7.7.3.16.2YprintAspectRatio..................................................................................................26
7.8 Sensor.............................................................................................................................................26
7.9 DateTimeCreated...........................................................................................................................26
7.10Methodology...................................................................................................................................26
8 Imaging performance assessment....................................................................................................27
8.1 Spatial metrics................................................................................................................................28
8.1.1 SamplingFrequencyPlane.....................................................................................................28
8.1.2 SamplingFrequencyUnit........................................................................................................29
8.1.3 XSamplingFrequency............................................................................................................29
8.1.4 YSamplingFrequency............................................................................................................29
8.1.5 ImageWidth............................................................................................................................30
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8.1.6 ImageLength..........................................................................................................................30
8.1.7 Source_Xdimension..............................................................................................................31
8.1.7.1 Source_XdimensionUnit.................................................................................................31
8.1.8 Source_Ydimension..............................................................................................................31
8.1.8.1 Source_YdimensionUnit.................................................................................................31
8.2 Energetics.......................................................................................................................................32
8.2.1 BitsPerSample.......................................................................................................................32
8.2.2 SamplesPerPixel...................................................................................................................32
8.2.3 ExtraSamples........................................................................................................................33
8.2.4 Colormap...............................................................................................................................33
8.2.4.1 Colormap_Reference......................................................................................................33
8.2.4.2 Colormap_BitCodeValue................................................................................................33
8.2.4.3 Colormap_RedValue.......................................................................................................34
8.2.4.4 Colormap_GreenValue...................................................................................................34
8.2.4.5 Colormap_BlueValue......................................................................................................34
8.2.5 GrayResponseCurve.............................................................................................................35
8.2.6 GrayResponseUnit................................................................................................................35
8.2.7 WhitePoint.............................................................................................................................35
8.2.7.1 WhitePoint_Xvalue..........................................................................................................35
8.2.7.2 WhitePoint_Yvalue..........................................................................................................36
8.2.8 PrimaryChromaticities...........................................................................................................36
8.2.8.1 PrimaryChromaticities_RedX..........................................................................................36
8.2.8.2 PrimaryChromaticities_RedY..........................................................................................37
8.2.8.3 PrimaryChromaticities_GreenX......................................................................................37
8.2.8.4 PrimaryChromaticities_GreenY......................................................................................37
8.2.8.5 PrimaryChromaticities_BlueX.........................................................................................38
8.2.8.6 PrimaryChromaticities_BlueY.........................................................................................38
8.3 TargetData......................................................................................................................................38
8.3.1 TargetType............................................................................................................................39
8.3.2 TargetID.................................................................................................................................40
8.3.2.1 TargetIDManufacturer.....................................................................................................40
8.3.2.2 TargetIDName.................................................................................................................40
8.3.2.3 TargetIDNo......................................................................................................................40
8.3.2.4 TargetIDMedia................................................................................................................40
8.3.3 ImageData.............................................................................................................................41
8.3.4 PerformanceData...................................................................................................................41
8.3.5 Profiles...................................................................................................................................41
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9 Change history....................................................................................................................................42
9.1 Image processing...........................................................................................................................44
9.1.1 DateTimeProcessed..............................................................................................................44
9.1.2 SourceData............................................................................................................................44
9.1.3 ProcessingAgency.................................................................................................................44
9.1.4 ProcessingSoftware...............................................................................................................45
9.1.4.1 ProcessingSoftwareName..............................................................................................45
9.1.4.2 ProcessingSoftwareVersion............................................................................................45
9.1.5 ProcessingActions.................................................................................................................45
9.2 Previous image metadata...............................................................................................................45
Annex A: Z39.87 XML schema: MIX.........................................................................................................47
Annex B: Bibliography..............................................................................................................................48
Figures
Figure 1 – Logical structure of Segments metadata..............................................................................10
Figure 2 – Digital conversion of Intermediate; indirect conversion of Source...................................27
Figure 3 – Direct digital conversion of Source.......................................................................................27
Figure 4 – Logical structure of TargetData.............................................................................................39
Figure 5 – Logical structure of change history......................................................................................43
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Foreword
(This Foreword is not part of NISO Z39.87-2002 / AIIM 20-2002 — Data Dictionary—Technical
Metadata for Digital Still Images. It is included for information only.)
Cultural institutions and commercial organizations are increasingly engaged in creating libraries of digital
still images. A major challenge in making these collections persist is to build systems, defined broadly as
“digital repositories,” that maintain functionality and quality intrinsic to images. One management
strategy, migration, proposes to preserve image data by copying files to new formats at designated
intervals.
The premise that underlies migration also informs new concepts of preservation: digital technologies offer
the unprecedented opportunity to preserve content without any loss of information from generation to
generation. Whether this is possible, and under what conditions, are two of the questions that led the
National Information Standards Organization, the Council on Library and Information Resources, and the
RLG to sponsor an “Image Metadata Workshop” in April 1999. The goal of the workshop was to launch
a collaborative effort to define a set of metadata elements to document technical attributes of digital still
images.
The workshop organizers observed that cultural institutions had been focusing primarily on defining
descriptive metadata for the purpose of discovery and identification, and that comparatively little work
had been done to codify technical attributes of digital images and their production. Workshop
participants agreed that technical metadata is necessary to support two fundamental goals: to document
image provenance and history (production metadata); and to ensure that image data will be rendered
accurately on output (to screen, print, or film). Several participants also observed that ongoing
management, or “preservation,” of these core functions will require the development of applications to
validate, process, refresh, and migrate image data against criteria encoded as technical metadata.
Two overarching goals led NISO and AIIM to develop this data dictionary. The first is to identify the
data elements that would be used by applications to control transformations of images against stated
metrics (or “anchors”) for meaningful quality attributes such as detail, tone, color, and size. The second
is to propose elements that would be used by digital repository managers, curators, or imaging specialists
to assess the current value (aesthetic or functional) of a given image or collection of images.
The authors of this dictionary are indebted to three working groups that have developed technical
metadata specifications for digital still images:
• Digital Imaging Group (DIG), DIG35 Working Group, Metadata for Digital Images, Working
Draft 2.0 Beta — June 18, 2000
• ISO Technical Committee 42—Photography, ISO/DIS 12234-2, Photography—Electronic still
picture imaging—Removable memory—Part 2: Image data format—TIFF/EP, WG18/Item 189.2,
June 21, 2000
• Adobe Developers Association, TIFF, Revision 6.0, Final—June 3, 1992
Although TIFF and TIFF/EP are file format specifications, the TIFF data elements and values (presented
as fields with associated file header tags) are used to represent a comprehensive list of metadata used to
render and manage image data.
The DIG35 specification distinguishes itself from file format specifications with its stated purpose to
facilitate metadata sharing.
This proposed national standard is being released as a Draft Standard for Trial Use for the period
June 1, 2002 through December 31, 2003. At the end of this review period, the standard will be revised
Page viii © NISO and AIIM
Draft Standard for Trial Use
NISO Z39.87 / AIIM 20-2002 — DATA DICTIONARY TECHNICAL METADATA FOR DIGITAL STILL IMAGES
as necessary and balloted, or withdrawn. Comments on its use or suggestions for revision should be sent
to NISO, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA or via email to: [email protected].
This DSFTU has not been balloted by the NISO members or the AIIM Standards Board and is not a
consensus document. It is released for review and trial implementation.
NISO Voting Members
At the time this DSFTU was released, NISO had the following Voting Members:
3M International DOI Foundation, The
American Association of Law Libraries Library Binding Institute
American Chemical Society Library Corporation, The
American Library Association Library of Congress
American Society for Information Science and Los Alamos National Laboratory
Technology (ASIS&T) Lucent Technologies
American Society of Indexers Medical Library Association
American Theological Library Association MINITEX
ARMA International Modern Language Association
Armed Forces Medical Library Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)
Art Libraries Society of North America Music Library Association
(ARLIS/NA) National Agricultural Library
AIIM International National Archives and Records Administration
Association of Information and Dissemination National Federation of Abstracting and Information
Centers (ASIDIC) Services (NFAIS)
Association of Jewish Libraries National Library of Medicine
Association of Research Libraries (ARL) Nylink
BiblioMondo Inc. OASIS
Book Industry Communication OCLC, Inc.
Cambridge Information Group Openly Informatics, Inc.
Checkpoint Systems, Inc. ProQuest Information and Learning
College Center for Library Automation (CCLA) Recording Industry Association of America
Congressional Information Service, Inc. Research Libraries Group, The (RLG)
divine, inc. Serials Solutions, LLC
Elsevier Science Inc. SIRS Mandarin, Inc.
Endeavor Information Systems, Inc. SIRSI Corporation
epixtech, Inc. Society for Technical Communication (STC)
Ex Libris Society of American Archivists
Fretwell-Downing Informatics Special Libraries Association (SLA)
Gale Group Sun Microsystems Inc.
Gaylord Information Systems Triangle Research Libraries Network
GCA Research Institute U.S. Department of Commerce, NIST, Office of
H.W. Wilson Company Information Services
IBM U.S. Department of Defense, DTIC (Defense
Information Use Management and Policy Technical Information Center)
Institute/FSU U.S. National Commission on Libraries and
Infotrieve Information Science (NCLIS)
Innovative Interfaces, Inc. VTLS, Inc.
Institute for Scientific Information
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NISO Z39.87 / AIIM 20-2002 — DATA DICTIONARY TECHNICAL METADATA FOR DIGITAL STILL IMAGES
NISO Board of Directors
At the time this DSFTU was released, NISO had the following Board of Directors:
Beverly P. Lynch, Chair Brian Green, Director
UCLA Graduate School of Education & BIC/EDItEUR
Information Studies
Jose-Marie Griffiths, Director
Jan Peterson, Vice Chair and Chair-Elect/Treasurer University of Pittsburgh
Infotrieve
Richard E. Luce, Director
Donald J. Muccino, Immediate Past Chair Los Alamos National Laboratory
OCLC, Inc.
Sally H. McCallum, Director
Priscilla Caplan, Chair of SDC Library of Congress
Florida Center for Library Automation
Norman Paskin, Director
Patricia R Harris, Executive Director/Secretary The International DOI Foundation
NISO
Steven Puglia, Director
Pieter S.H. Bolman, Director U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
Elsevier Science
Albert Simmonds, Director
Carl Grant, Director OCLC, Inc.
Ex Libris (USA), Inc.
AIIM Standards Board
At the time this DSFTU was released, AIIM had the following Standards Board members:
Robert Breslawski, Chair Basil Manns
Eastman Kodak Company Library of Congress
Leslie Banach William E. Neale
IBM Corporation U.S. TAG to ISO TC 171
Tom Dale Louis E. Sharpe
Dale & Associates Picture Elements, Inc.
Charles Dollar Herman Silbiger
Dollar Consulting APPLICOM
Betsy Fanning Chris Thompson
AIIM International Recognition Research Inc.
Virginia Jones Herbert J. White, II
Newport News Dept. of Public Utilities Genealogical Society of Utah
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