Data Assimilation: Making Sense of Observations

709 Pages·2010·18.452 MB·English

by  William Lahoz, Boris Khattatov, Richard Ménard (auth.), William Lahoz, Boris Khattatov, Richard Menard (eds.)

Data Assimilation
· ·
William Lahoz Boris Khattatov
Richard Ménard
Editors
Data Assimilation
Making Sense of Observations
123
Editors
Dr.WilliamLahoz Dr.BorisKhattatov
NorskInstituttforLuftforskning,Norwegian 373ArapahoeAvenue
InstituteforAirResearch BoulderCO80302
AtmosphericandClimateResearch USA
Instituttveien18 [email protected]
Kjeller2007
Norway
[email protected]
Dr.RichardMénard
EnvironmentCanada
AtmosphericScience&Technology
Directorate
2121Trans-CanadaHighway
DorvalQCH9P1J3
Canada
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-540-74702-4 e-ISBN978-3-540-74703-1
DOI10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010925150
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010
Chapter 1, 5, and 6 are published with kind permission of Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of
Canada.Allrightsreserved
Chapter15ispublishedwithkindpermissionof©BritishCrownCopyright,2010,TheMetoffice,UK.
Allrightsreserved
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Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot
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Coverdesign:Bauer,Thomas
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SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Contents
PartI Theory
DataAssimilationandInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
WilliamLahoz,BorisKhattatov,andRichardMénard
MathematicalConceptsofDataAssimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
N.K.Nichols
VariationalAssimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
OlivierTalagrand
EnsembleKalmanFilter:CurrentStatusandPotential . . . . . . . . . 69
EugeniaKalnay
ErrorStatisticsinDataAssimilation:EstimationandModelling . . . . 93
MarkBuehner
BiasEstimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
RichardMénard
ThePrincipleofEnergeticConsistencyinDataAssimilation . . . . . . 137
StephenE.Cohn
EvaluationofAssimilationAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
OlivierTalagrand
Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
PeterLynchandXiang-YuHuang
PartII Observations
TheGlobalObservingSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Jean-NoëlThépautandErikAndersson
AssimilationofOperationalData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
ErikAnderssonandJean-NoëlThépaut
ResearchSatellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
WilliamLahoz
v
vi Contents
PartIII MeteorologyandAtmosphericDynamics
GeneralConceptsinMeteorologyandDynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
AndrewCharlton-Perez,WilliamLahoz,andRichardSwinbank
TheRoleoftheModelintheDataAssimilationSystem . . . . . . . . . 351
RichardB.Rood
NumericalWeatherPrediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
RichardSwinbank
PartIV AtmosphericChemistry
IntroductiontoAtmosphericChemistryandConstituentTransport . . 409
ValeryYudinandBorisKhatattov
RepresentationandModellingofUncertaintiesinChemistry
andTransportModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
BorisKhattatovandValeryYudin
ConstituentAssimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
WilliamLahozandQuentinErrera
Inverse Modelling and Combined State-Source Estimation
forChemicalWeather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
HendrikElbern,AchimStrunk,andLarsNieradzik
PartV WiderApplications
OceanDataAssimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
KeithHaines
LandSurfaceDataAssimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
PaulR.Houser,GabriëlleJ.M.DeLannoy,andJeffreyP.Walker
AssimilationofGPSSoundingsinIonosphericModels . . . . . . . . . . 599
BorisKhattatov
PartVI TheLongerView
Reanalysis:DataAssimilationforScientificInvestigationofClimate . . 623
RichardB.RoodandMichaelG.Bosilovich
ObservingSystemSimulationExperiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
MichikoMasutani,ThomasW.Schlatter,RonaldM.Errico,
AdStoffelen,ErikAndersson,WilliamLahoz,JohnS.Woollen,
G.DavidEmmitt,Lars-PeterRiishøjgaardandStephenJ.Lord
Contents vii
DataAssimilationforOtherPlanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
StephenR.Lewis
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Contributors
ErikAndersson EuropeanCentreforMedium-RangeWeatherForecasts
(ECMWF),Reading,UK,[email protected]
MichaelG.Bosilovich NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD,
USA,[email protected]
MarkBuehner MeteorologicalResearchDivision,DataAssimilationand
SatelliteMeteorologySection,EnvironmentCanada,Canada,
[email protected]
AndrewCharlton-Perez DepartmentofMeteorology,UniversityofReading,
Reading,UK,[email protected]
StephenE.Cohn GlobalModelingandAssimilationOffice,NASAGoddard
SpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD20771,USA,[email protected]
GabriëlleJ.M.DeLannoy GeorgeMasonUniversity,Fairfax,VA,USA;Faculty
ofBioscienceEngineering,GhentUniversity,GhentB-9000,Belgium,
[email protected]
HendrikElbern ResearchCentreJülich,RhenishInstituteforEnvironmental
ResearchattheUniversityofCologne(RIU),Cologne,Germany;Helmholtz
VirtualInstituteforInverseModellingofAtmosphericChemicalComposition
(IMACCO),Cologne,Germany,[email protected]
G.DavidEmmitt SimpsonWeatherAssociates(SWA),Charlottesville,VA,
USA,[email protected]
QuentinErrera BelgianInstituteforSpaceAeronomy,BIRA-IASB,Brussels,
Belgium,[email protected]
RonaldM.Errico NASA/GSFC,Greenbelt,MD,USA;GoddardEarthScience
andTechnologyCenter,UniversityofMaryland,Baltimore,MD,USA,
[email protected]
KeithHaines EnvironmentalSystemsScienceCentre,UniversityofReading,
ReadingRG66AL,UK,[email protected]
ix
x Contributors
PaulR.Houser GeorgeMasonUniversity,Fairfax,VA,USA,[email protected]
Xiang-YuHuang NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,Boulder,CO,USA,
[email protected]
EugeniaKalnay UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD20742-2425,USA,
[email protected]
BorisKhatattov FusionNumericsInc,Boulder,CO,USA,
[email protected]
WilliamLahoz NorskInstituttforLuftforskning,NorwegianInstituteforAir
Research,NILU,Kjeller,Norway,[email protected]
StephenR.Lewis DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,TheOpenUniversity,
MiltonKeynesMK76AA,UK,[email protected]
StephenJ.Lord NOAA/NWS/NCEP/EMC,CampSprings,MD,USA,
[email protected]
PeterLynch UniversityCollegeDublin,Dublin,Ireland,[email protected]
MichikoMasutani NOAA/NWS/NCEP/EMC,CampSprings,MD,USA;Wyle
InformationSystems,ElSegundo,CA,USA,[email protected]
RichardMénard AirQualityResearchDivision,MeteorologicalServiceof
Canada,EnvironmentCanada,Dorval,Canada,[email protected]
NancyK.Nichols DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityofReading,Reading,
UK,[email protected]
LarsNieradzik ResearchCentreJülich,RhenishInstituteforEnvironmental
ResearchattheUniversityofCologne(RIU),Cologne,Germany;Helmholtz
VirtualInstituteforInverseModellingofAtmosphericChemicalComposition
(IMACCO),Cologne,Germany,e-mail:[email protected]
Lars-PeterRiishøjgaard NASA/GSFC,Greenbelt,MD,USA;GoddardEarth
ScienceandTechnologyCenter,UniversityofMaryland,Baltimore,MD,USA;
JointCenterforSatelliteDataAssimilation,CampSprings,MD,USA,
[email protected]
RichardB.Rood UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA,
[email protected]
ThomasW.Schlatter NOAA/EarthSystemResearchLaboratory,Boulder,CO,
USA,[email protected]
AdStoffelen RoyalDutchMeteorologicalInstitute(KNMI),DeBilt,The
Netherlands,[email protected]
AchimStrunk ResearchCentreJülich,RhenishInstituteforEnvironmental
ResearchattheUniversityofCologne(RIU),Cologne,Germany;Helmholtz
Contributors xi
VirtualInstituteforInverseModellingofAtmosphericChemicalComposition
(IMACCO),Cologne,Germany,[email protected]
RichardSwinbank MetOffice,Exeter,UK,richard.swinbank@metoffice.gov.uk
OlivierTalagrand LaboratoiredeMétéorologieDynamique/CNRS,École
NormaleSupérieure,Paris,France,[email protected]
Jean-NoëlThépaut EuropeanCentreforMedium-RangeWeatherForecasts,
ECMWF,Shinfield,UK,[email protected]
JeffreyP.Walker DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,The
UniversityofMelbourne,Victoria,Australia,[email protected]
JohnS.Woollen NOAA/NWS/NCEP/EMC,CampSprings,MD,USA;Science
ApplicationsInternationalCorporation(SAIC),Mclean,VA,USA,
[email protected]
ValeryYudin SAIC,GlobalModelingAssimilationOffice,Code610.1,Goddard
SpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD20771,USA;AtmosphericChemistry
Division,NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,Boulder,CO,USA,
[email protected]
Introduction
WilliamLahoz,BorisKhattatov,andRichardMénard
This book came from a request from Springer to the editors to update knowledge
on the science of data assimilation and incorporate developments during the last
5 years. It is designed to update the science of data assimilation since the NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Science Series Book “Data Assimilation for
theEarthSystem”(R.Swinbank,V.Shutyaev,W.A.Lahoz,eds.)cameoutin2003,
andfillinsomeofthegapsinthatbook.TheNATOScienceSeriesBookwasbased
onasetoflecturespresentedattheNATOAdvancedStudyInstitute(ASI)onData
Assimilation for the Earth System, which was held at Maratea, Italy during May–
June2002.ThatASIgrewoutofaconcernthattherewaslittleteachingavailablein
dataassimilation,eventhoughithadbecomecentraltomodernweatherforecasting,
andwasbecomingincreasinglyimportantinarangeofotherEarthdisciplinessuch
astheocean,landandchemistry.
Many changes have happened in the science of data assimilation over the last
5 years. They include the development of chemical data assimilation systems at
severalcentresworld-wide,bothresearchandoperational;theincreasedinteraction
between the research and operational communities; the use of data assimilation to
evaluate research satellite data; the use of data assimilation ideas, long applied to
weatherforecastmodels,toevaluateclimatemodels;thecombinationoftheoretical
notions fromvariational methods and ensemble Kalman filter methods to improve
data assimilation performance; and the increased extension of data assimilation to
areasbeyondtheatmosphereanddynamics:chemistry,ionosphere,andotherplan-
ets, e.g., Mars and Venus. There has also been a consolidation in the use of data
assimilation to evaluate future observations, and in the use of data assimilation in
areassuchastheoceanandtheland.
Parallel to these changes in the science of data assimilation, another remark-
able change over the last 5 years has been the increased presence of data
assimilation in teaching initiatives such as Summer Schools. These include the
now biennial ESA (European Space Agency) Earth Observation Summer School
B
W.Lahoz( )
NorskInstituttforLuftforskning,NorwegianInstituteforAirResearch,NILU,Kjeller,Norway
e-mail:[email protected]
xiii