Data Analysis and Presentation Skills. An Introduction for the Life and Medical Sciences

196 Pages·2004·4.687 MB·English

by  Jackie Willis

Data Analysis and
Presentation Skills

Data Analysis and
Presentation Skills
An Introduction for the
Life and Medical Sciences
Jackie Willis
CoventryUniversity,UK
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Contents
Preface xi
1 Working intheWindows Environment 1
1.1 Basiccomputingterms 1
1.2 WorkinginWindows 2
1.3 GeneralfunctionsinMicrosoftapplications 6
2 Researchingand Planning Scienti¢c Investigations 11
2.1 Sourcesofinformation 11
Goingon-line 12
Searchengines 15
Searchgateways 18
Keepingarecordofinformationfromsearches 18
Makinge¡ectivesearches 19
Metasearchengines 20
Organizationandinstitutionalwebsites 20
Copyrightandvalidity 20
Searchingforscienti¢cpublications 21
Electronicmail 23
Discussiongroups 27
Mailinglists 27
2.2 Experimentaldesign 28
Planninganinvestigation 28
Establishingaimsandobjectives 29
Populationsandsampling 29
Choosingmethodology 32
3 Presenting Scienti¢c Data 35
3.1 AnintroductiontoMicrosoftExcel 35
Settingupaworksheet 36
Enteringdata 36
FunctionsinExcel 38
viii CONTENTS
Addingtexttotheworksheet 40
Managinglistsofdata 40
Producinggraphsandchartsontheworksheet 44
Customizingworksheets 49
ProducingtablesinExcel 51
3.2 Presentinggraphsandcharts 51
Graphsandcharts 52
EditingplotsinExcel 58
Displayingvaluesonchartsandgraphs 60
Errorbars 60
Framingandgridlines 62
Settingthecorrectproportionsforthechart 62
Exploringdi¡erenttypesofbarcharts 63
Piecharts 68
Linegraphs 70
Combinationplots 73
4 Preliminary Data Analysis 77
4.1 Descriptivestatistics 77
Measuresoflocation 77
Measuresofvariation 79
DescriptivestatisticsinExcel 82
Coe⁄cientofvariation 85
4.2 Frequencydistributions 86
UsingtheHistogramfunction 91
4.3 Correlationandlinearregression 92
Correlation 94
Linearregression 97
5 Statistical Analysis 107
5.1 Selectingastatisticaltest 107
Typesofdata 109
Independentandpairedsamples 110
Characteristicsofthesamplepopulation 111
5.2 Statisticaltestsfortwosamples 111
TheStudentt-testforindependentsamples 116
Studentt-testfordependent(matched/paired)samples 121
Non-parametrictestsfortwosamples 124
5.3 Analysisofvariance 135
One-wayanalysisofvariance 137
Leastsigni¢cantdi¡erence(LSD)analysis 140
Two-wayanalysisofvariancewithreplication 142
Two-wayanalysisofvariancewithoutreplication 146
5.4 TheChi-squaredtest 148
Comparingcategoriesinasinglesample 149
Goodnessof¢ttest ^ datafromageneticsexperiment 151
Comparingtwosamples 154
CONTENTS ix
6 Presentational Skills 159
6.1 Preparingforseminars 159
Preparinginformationfortheseminar 160
Presentingtheseminar 161
6.2 UsingMicrosoftPowerPoint 162
StartinganewpresentationinPowerPoint 162
Openinganexistingpresentation 163
Startinganewpresentationusingatemplate 163
Thetitleslide 163
Buildingthepresentation 165
NotesPageView 166
SlideView 166
Insertinggraphsandcharts 167
Drawingshapesonslides 167
Drawinglines/arrows 168
Rotatinganobject 169
Addinganimatione¡ects 169
Creatinganimatione¡ects 169
Transitione¡ects 170
Sortingslides 170
Continuousloops 171
Addingaslide 171
Endingashow 171
Spelling 172
Creatinghandouts 172
6.3 Posterpresentations 172
Appendix 175
Furtherreading 175
AltkeycodesforspecialsymbolsinMicrosoftapplications 176
Statisticaltables 177
CriticalvaluesfortheStudentt-test 177
CriticalvaluesofRfortheWilcoxonsignedranktest 178
CriticalvaluesfortheMann^WhitneyUtest 179
Index 181