Dark matter and cosmic web story

365 Pages·2014·49.136 MB·English

by  Einasto, Jaan

Dark Matter and
Cosmic Web Story
8928_9789814551045_tp.indd 1 7/10/13 5:40 PM
Advanced Series in Astrohysics and Cosmology
ISSN: 1793-1312
Series Editor: Remo Ruffini (ICRA, Pescara & University of Rome “La
Sapienza”, Italy)
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Vol. 5 Accretion: A Collection of Influential Papers
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Vol. 6 Lectures on Non-Perturbative Canonical Gravity
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Vol. 7 Relativistic Gravitational Experiments in Space:
First William Fairbank Meeting
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Vol. 10 The Chaotic Universe —
Proceedings of the Second ICRA Network Workshop
edited by V G Gurzadyan and R Ruffini
Vol. 13 Exploring the Universe: A Festschrift in Honor of Ricardo Giacconi
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Vol. 14 Dark Matter and Cosmic Web Story
by J Einasto
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Advanced Series in Astrophysics and Cosmology – Vol. 14
Series Editors: Fang Li Zhi & Remo Ruffini
Dark Matter and
Cosmic Web Story
Jaan Einasto
Tartu Observatory, Estonia
World Scientific
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Einasto, Jaan, author.
Dark matter and cosmic web story / Jaan Einasto.
pages cm -- (Advanced series in astrophysics and cosmology ; Volume 14)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-9814551045 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Inflationary universe. 2. Cosmology. 3. Dark matter (Astronomy) 4. Astronomers--Estonia--
Social conditions--20th century. I. Title. II. Series: Advanced series in astrophysics and cosmology ;
Volume 14.
QB991.I54E36 2013
523.1'126--dc23
2013035528
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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October9,2013 8:42 WorldScientificBook-9inx6in b1663-fm
ToLiiawithloveandthanks
v
October9,2013 8:42 WorldScientificBook-9inx6in b1663-fm
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
October9,2013 8:42 WorldScientificBook-9inx6in b1663-fm
Preface
The20thcenturyhasbeenagoldentimeforastrophysicsandcosmology.Anexcel-
lentdiscussionofthedevelopmentofmodernastrophysicsandcosmologyisgiven
byLongair(2006).Thesearchfordarkmatterhasbeenapartofthisdevelopment.
Thehistoryofthediscoveryofdarkmatteranditsphysicalnaturehavebeendis-
cussed in numerous conferences and books: Faber & Gallagher (1979), Sanders
(2010),Trimble (1987, 1988a,b,c, 1990, 1995, 2010), and van den Bergh (1999,
2001),tomentiononlythemostimportantsources.
Apersonalviewofthedevelopmentofmoderncosmologywasrecentlypub-
lished by Peebles (2012), see also a collection of views of other leading cos-
mologists,collectedbyPeeblesetal.(2009).Suchpersonalviewsareextremely
interestingtoread.
In this book I try to present a discussion of the Dark Matter Story as seen
frommyperspective.Theworkdoneelsewhereisdescribedinlessdetail,sinceI
amnotfamiliarwiththe‘kitchen’aspectsofthesestudies.Itrytogivebalanced
credittoresultsofotherinvestigatorswhenthetopicisrelatedtoourstudies.Our
attemptstounderstandthedarkmatterproblembroughtustothestudyofLarge
ScaleStructureintheUniverse.Ishalldescribethehistoryofthedevelopmentof
thesetwotopics.Theyarerelatedbecausedarkmatteristhedominantpopulation
in the Universe and properties of dark matter particles determine details of the
structure. In preparing of this book I used my previous reviews of the history of
studiesofdarkmatterandlargescalestructureoftheUniverse(Einasto,2001a,b,
2005,2009).
Thefirststepsinthesearch,whichultimatelyledustotheunderstandingofthe
darkmatterproblem,weremadebythefounderofthemodernTartuastrophysics
school,ErnstO¨pik,andhisstudentGrigoriKuzmin,myfirstmentor.Thissearch
hasbeencontinuedbythepresentgenerationofastronomers.Thewholegroupof
galactic and cosmology studies of Tartu Observatory participated in this search.
vii
October9,2013 8:42 WorldScientificBook-9inx6in b1663-fm
viii DarkMatterandCosmicWebStory
Ithankallofthem:HeinoEelsalu,MaretEinasto,MirtGramann,UrmasHaud,Jaak
Jaaniste,MihkelJo˜eveer,LevKofman,SergeiKutuzov,GrigoriKuzmin,Dmitry
Pogosyan,EnnSaar,ErikTago,andPeeterTenjes,andtheyoungergenerationof
astronomers Gert Hu¨tsi, Lauri Juhan Liivama¨gi, Ivan Suhhonenko,Antti Tamm,
andElmoTempel.
Duringthesearchwehadmanycontactswithastronomersinothercentres.The
firstandlongestcontactswerewithViktorAmbartsumian,EvgenyKharadze,Kirill
Ogorodnikov,andPavelParenago.WecollaboratedcloselywithYakovZeldovich
and his team, including Andrei Doroshkevich, Anatoly Klypin, Igor Novikov,
SergeyShandarin,andRashidSunyaev.Thisplayedaveryimportantroleinour
studies,aswellasourcollaborationwithArthurChernin,IgorKarachentsev,Andrei
Linde,JosifShklovsky,AlexeiStarobinsky,andmanyothers.
I benefitted from contacts with astronomers from other countries. The
most fruitful collaboration was with John Huchra. In studying the problems
of dark matter and the structure of galaxies and Universe I had discussions
with GeorgeAbell, HeinzAndernach, Neta and John Bahcall, Ed Bertschinger,
Peter Brosche, Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge, George Contopoulos, Gerard
de Vaucouleurs, Margaret Geller, Wilhelm Gliese, Bernard Jones, Rocky Kolb,
DaveLatham,DonaldLynden-Bell,VicentMartinez,DickMiller,VolkerMu¨ller,
JanHenrikOort,JerryOstriker,ChangbomPark,JimPeebles,Lubosˆ Perek,Joel
Primack, Martin Rees, Mort Roberts, Vera Rubin, Remo Ruffini, Alex Szalay,
GustavAndreasTammann,BeatriceTinsley,AlarToomre,VirginiaTrimble,Sidney
vandenBergh,RienvandeWeygaert,SimonWhite,andmanyothers.Mysincere
thankstoallmyfriendsandcolleagues—interactionswiththemhelpedtodevelop
thepresentconceptofdarkmatterandlargescalestructureoftheUniverse.
Myspecialthankstomyfamilyforsupportandpracticalhelp.MywifeLiia
and daughter Maret participated in this study in many ways; my grandchildren
Peeter,TriinandStiinahelpedinthepreparationofthebook.IthankChangbom
Park,RemoRuffini,MikkSarv,ReinTaagepera,VirginiaTrimble,andRienvan
deWeygaertforsuggestionsmadeafterreadingpreliminaryversionsofthebook.
ManythankstotheeditorsofthebookRoh-SuanTungandLerhFengLow.
The book is accompanied by a website which contains additional material:
copiesoforiginalsofsomecrucialpapers,astronomicalmovies,andalsomovies
whichshowourlife.1
1http://www.aai.ee/∼einasto/DarkMatter
October9,2013 8:42 WorldScientificBook-9inx6in b1663-fm
Contents
Preface vii
1. Prologue 1
2. Classicalcosmologicalparadigm 3
2.1 Astronomyinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Thenatureofspiralnebulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.2 TheexpansionandageoftheUniverse . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.3 ThemeandensityofmatterintheUniverse . . . . . . . 8
2.1.4 Thedistributionofgalaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.5 Structureofthesystemofstellarpopulations . . . . . . 9
2.1.6 Theevolutionofstars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 HistoryofEstonia,myfamilyroots,andTartuObservatory . . . 15
2.2.1 AshorthistoryofEstonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 Myroots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.3 Myearlylifeandfirststepsinastronomy . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.4 Liia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.5 TartuObservatoryafterthewar,andthebuilding
ofthenewobservatory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3. Galacticmodelsanddarkmatterinthesolarvicinity 45
3.1 EarlyGalacticmodels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1.1 EarlyGalacticmodelsandfirsthintsofthepresenceof
darkmatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1.2 DensityofmatterintheSolarvicinity . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.3 GalacticmodelsbyParenago,Kuzmin,andSchmidt . . 50
ix