Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula

323 Pages·2018·18.23 MB·English

by  Laith A. Jawad

Laith A. Jawad
Dangerous Fishes
of the Eastern and
Southern Arabian
Peninsula
Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern
and Southern Arabian Peninsula
Laith A. Jawad
Dangerous Fishes of the
Eastern and Southern
Arabian Peninsula
LaithA.Jawad
Manukau,Auckland,NewZealand
ISBN978-3-319-57924-5 ISBN978-3-319-57926-9 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-57926-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017942957
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To my wife......Zainab Issa...
Iwouldliketothankmydearforstandingbesidemethroughout
my life and career and for your unlimited patience. You have
been my inspiration and motivation for continuing to improve
my knowledge and move my career forward.
To my daughters Hend, Nora, and Warda...
Yougavememuchjoytolife.Idonotknowwhatthetasteoflife
without you is.
To my granddaughters Zainab ‘Zuzu,’Leirah ‘Lulu,’and
Habibah ‘Hubhub’...
Our new addition for bringing the joy to our life and our home
..............................I dedicate this book
Preface
Twentyyearsago,IcameacrossHalstead’sbook,PoisonousandVenomous
MarineAnimalsoftheWorld.Thisincidenttriggeredinsidemyselftheidea
of collecting articles about the dangerous fishes in general including the
poisonous and venomous fishes. Later, the idea of writing a book about
thesefishgroupsflourishedinmymindandIchosetheeasternandsouthern
coasts of the Arabian peninsula as the region for the background of these
fishes.Tworeasonswerebehindmychoiceoftheregion,theseare:thehigh
biodiversityoffishesintheselectedareaandtheunawarenessofthelocalsto
the hazards of the different groups of dangerous fishes living in their
environment.
Dangerous aquatic organisms may be confronted during recreational or
fishing activities in coastal environments. Such organisms vary widely and
are generally of local or regional importance. The possibility and nature of
human exposure often depend significantly on the type of the activity
concerned.Becauseofthewidediversityoforganismsthatmaybeencoun-
tered, the coverage ofthese fishes inthe present book is limitedtoonlythe
commonfishspeciesofwhichlocalsarefullyaware.
Ineachdangerousgroup,theinformationgivenisahistoricalbackground
aboutthefishgroup,thecausativeagent,symptoms,treatment,andpreven-
tion. The account of the species includes identification, world distribution,
distributioninthestudyarea,habitatandecologicalrole,biology,economic
value, and conservation status. To draw the attention of the readers and to
make them aware of the dangers of the species dealt with in this book, a
sectionaboutthedistributionofthespeciesinthestudyisincluded.Thanks
to the fully informative species account used in the Fishbase, I decided to
adoptthisformatinthepresentbook.
Two types of risks can be distinguished in relation to dangerous aquatic
species: the risk of infectious disease transmitted by specieswithlifecycles
linkedtotheaquaticenvironment,andinjuryorintoxication(e.g.,ciguatera,
histamine poisoning, etc.) resulting from direct encounters with large
animals or venomous species. Apparent risks involving dangerous fishes
mayhave important economicconsequencesinareas thatdependtoalarge
extentonrecreationaltourismandfisheriesasasourceofincome.
Amongtheaimsofthepresentbookistoeducatelocalsaboutthedanger
of thisgroup offishesas partofa public education and awareness program
that should be initiated in the coastal areas. It is therefore important to
vii
viii Preface
identifyandassessthehazardsposedbyvariousfishesinagivenregionand
bring the results to public attention. In addition, at locations where hazards
involvingdangerousfisheshavebeenidentified,proceduresshouldbedevel-
opedfortreatinganyinjuriessustained.
I would like to express my thanks to all the amateur and professional
photographers who gave their permission to use their pictures of various
dangerousfishspeciesinthewildandinthelaboratory.
Manukau,Auckland,NewZealand LaithA.Jawad
Acknowledgments
Aprojectofthissortislikeasilentcinemawithoutaccesstoalargenumber
ofcolouredphotosoffishesbothintheirenvironmentandinthelaboratory.
Forthefollowingwhograntedmetheirpermissiontousethefishandother
photosfromtheirworks,Iwouldliketoexpressmysincerethanks:
Achille, De S., Italy; Al-Mukhtar, M., Iraq; Bajoelmar, Spain; BEDO,
Thailand;Bineesh,India;Bonfil,Italy;Borkenhagen,K.,Germany;Brennan,
L.,Indonesia;Bucol,A.,Philippine;Bukkems,J.,Holland;CIRO,Australia;
Cocks, L., Saudi Arabia; Cook, A., Amsterdam; Cook, D., Australia; De
Chabannes, P., France; De Maddalena, A., Italy; Department of Conserva-
tion, New Zealand; De Vroe, J. France; Duarte, P. N., Portugal; Jing, L.,
China; Gloerfelt-Tarp, T., Australia; Goebbels, D., Kenya; Grinsted, G.,
USA; Hanson, J., London; Hobgood, N., Australia; Honeycutt, K., USA;
Justine,J.L.,France;Khan,M.,Pakistan;Khoo,W.L.,Singapore;Khosravi,
M., Iran; Krajangdara, T., Thailand; Kretzberg, R., Germany; Krupp, F.,
Germany; Kumar, S., India; Meyer, T., Australia; Moldzio, S., Marine
Biology Workshop; Moorea-Raie, C. and J., Italy; Motomura, H., Japan;
Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Robert Myers,
Seaclicks/Coral Graphics, USA; Nembard, M., Barbados; Noble, B., USA;
Nuckchady,E.,France;Osmany,H.,Pakistan;Owfi,F.,Iran;Park,J.,Korea;
Patzner, R., Austria; Pillon, R., Italy; Quijano, S. M., Brazil; Ramous, B.,
Philippine; Ratmuangkhwang, S., Thailand; Reeve, A., USA; Remesan,
M. P., India; Rezvani, S., Iran; Robertson; www.stri.org/sfgc, R., Papua
New Guinea; Sadighzadeh, Z., Iran; Sandstein, Germany; Saravanan, R.,
India; SeanMack, Wikipedia; Tanaka, J., Japan; Varghere, M., India; Chih-
Wei, Taiwan; Weigmann, S., Germany; Winterbottom, R., Canada; Yip, J.,
Singapore;Yu,D.,Canada.
My thanks are also due the following for their assistance in providing
referencesusedinthespeciesaccountsectionofthisbook:
Bogorodsky, S., Russia; Burt, J.A., UAE; Feary, D.A., UK; Fricke, R.,
Germany;Henderson,A.C.,TurksandCaicosIslands;Jabado,R.W.,UAE;
Last,P.R.,Australia;Moore,A.,UK;White,W.,Australia.
A special thanks for Joacim Na¨slund, G€oteborgs Universitet, G€oteborg,
Swedenforeditingthehand-drawnimagesinPhotoshop.
Finally, I would like to thank the staff of Springer DE and especially
Staphan Klapp and Ulrike Stricker for their distinguished service and valu-
ableadviceandsuggestionsabouttheissuesinpublishingthisbook.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Oceanography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Biodiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
PartI DangerousFishes
2 BitingandPredatorFishGroup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Chondrichthyes(CartilagenousFishes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 RelationshipofSharkstoHumans. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.2 Osteichthyes(TeleosteanFishes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.2.1 Morayeels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.3 Wolf-HerringandBarracuda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.3.1 BarracudaAttacksandBites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.4 Triggerfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.4.1 ReportedCasesofTriggerfishBites. . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.5 Ribbonfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.5.1 BiteofRibbonfishandItsMechanism. . . . . . . . . . 109
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3 HarmfulFishGroup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.1 Needlefish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.1.1 InjuriesCausedbyNeedlefishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.2 Surgeonfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.2.1 CutsCausedbySurgeonfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4 ElectricFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.1 ElectricRaysandTheirElectricOrgan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
xi
xii Contents
PartII PoisonousandVenomousFishes
5 PoisonousFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.1 IchthyosarcotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.1.1 ElasmobranchFishPoisoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.1.2 CiguatoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.1.3 ClupeotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.1.4 GempylotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.1.5 ScomberotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.1.6 HallucinogenicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.1.7 TetrodotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5.2 IchthyootoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
5.2.1 IchthyootoxicFishSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
5.3 IchthyogallotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.3.1 IchthyogallotoxicFishSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6 IchthyohemotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
6.1 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
6.2 CausativeAgent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
6.3 Symptoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.4 TreatmentandPrevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.5 IchthyohemotoxicFishSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
7 VenomousFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.1 IthyocrinotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.1.1 Catfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
7.1.2 Boxfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
7.1.3 SpeciesofEels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.1.4 Flatfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.1.5 Pufferfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.1.6 IchthyocrinotoxicFishSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.2 Acanthotoxic(Venomous)Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.2.1 VenomousStingrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.2.2 VenomousCatfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.2.3 VenomousScorpaenidFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
7.2.4 VenomousStonefishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
7.2.5 VenomousToadfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
7.2.6 VenomousSpadefishesorScats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
7.2.7 VenomousStargazers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
7.2.8 VenomousRabbitFishes. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . 295
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
AbouttheAuthor........................................ 309
CommonNameIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
ScientificNameIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
GeneralIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319