Table Of ContentEdited by
M. Alfert, Berkeley, Calif. K. R. Porter, Boulder, Colo.
W. Beennann, Tiibingen P. Sitte, Freiburg i. Br.
L. Goldstein, Boulder, Colo.
Advisory Board
J. Brachet, Bruxelles N. Kamiya, Okazaki
D. Branton, Cambridge, Mass. G. Rudkin, Philadelphia, Pa.
H. G. Callan, St. Andrews G. F. Springer, Evanston, III.
E. C. Cocking, NoHingham L Stockinger, Wien
W. W. Franke, Heidelberg B. F. Trump, Baltimore, Md.
Volume'
Springer-Verlag
Wi.nll.w York
o.
Edited by Kiermayer
Springer-Verlag
Wien New Yorlc
Prof. Dr. OSWALD KIERMAYER
Botanical Institute, University of Salzburg, Austria
This work is subject to copyright.
All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the materia lis concerned,
specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting,
reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks,
© 1981 by Springer-Verlag/Wien
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981
With 202 Figures
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.
Main entry under title: Cytomorphogenesis in plants. (Cell biology monographs; v. 8)
Bibliography: p. Includes index.
1. Plant cytomorphogenesis. I. Kiermayer, O. (Oswald), 1930. II. Series.
QK7l5.C96.581.87.81-14354
ISSN 0172-4665
ISBN-13:978-3-7091-8604-6 e-ISBN-13:978-3-7091-8602-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8602-2
Preface
In 1958 E. BUNNING published a book in the former series "Proto
plasmatologia" entitled "Polaritat und inaquale Teilung des pflanzlichen
Protoplasten" (polarity and unequal division of the plant protoplast) in which
for the first time results of experimental plant cytomorphogenesis were re
viewed. This book was based completely on light microscopic observations
and rather simple experimental techniques. Since then our knowledge of
basic cytomorphogenetic mechanisms has greatly increased, especially with the
introduction of modern ultrastructural, biochemical and sophisticated experi
mental methods so that the field of cytomorphogenesis in our days should
be considered a separate discipline within the general field of cell biology.
This book, "Cytomorphogenesis in Plants", represents a necessary attempt
to bring together current knowledge in this field of research on a comparable
basis. Unfortunately enormous gaps in our understanding of the underlying
principles of cytomorphogenetic events still exist. Therefore it seemed reason
able to present a book composed of individual chapters, each written by experts
for a defined experimental system. Each chapter represent a separate treatise
with its own references, hence it was not possible to avoid some overlap both
in the text and in the literature of the chapters without destroying the uni
formity of the respective article.
The term "cytomorphogenesis" is used in this book in a broad sense. Not
only is the formation of the outer cell shape included in this term but also all
other formative processes, even those occurring on the macromolecular and
ultrastructural level during the differentiation of a cell. Thus, for example,
the formation of different macromolecular patterns on bacterial cell walls,
the formation of ultrastructural patterns on the scales of flagellates and cell
walls of diatoms and green algae, as well as microfibril formation and
orientation are considered as cytomorphogenetic processes and are described
in this book.
The book is subdivided into three sections. The first two sections are
entitled "I. Cytomorphogenesis in Unicellular Plants and Cell Aggregates"
and "II. Cytomorphogenesis in Multicellular Plants". These two sections
contain articles about the cytomorphogenesis of various well-studied plant
cell systems (flagellates, Acetabularia, Micrasterias, Nitella, Azalla and others)
arranged according to their taxonomic position within the plant kingdom.
A third section, entitled "III. General Aspects of Cytomorphogenesis in
Plants", is dedicated to discussing the role of electric currents in cytomorpho
genesis as well as the role of lipid self-assembly in subcellular morphogenesis.
VI Preface
The main emphasis in the book has been put on causal cytoplasmic aspects
of morphogenesis of plant cells and the ultrastructural events occurring
during cell differentiation, leading to specific forms and patterns, whereas
ontogenetic and genetic aspects are treated only to a small extent.
Most chapters deal with the formation of the cell wall, which normally
determines the exterior shape of the plant cell. However, included into the
entire process of cytomorphogenesis of plant cells is not only the formation
of the external cell envelope but also the internal shaping and arrangement
of the organelles, especially the nucleus and the chloroplast, often leading to
an elaborate intracellular architecture. To establish this architecture, a number
of intracellular morphogenetic processes occur, such as migration and local
anchoring of organelles. During the last 15 years it has become obvious that
many formative processes are controlled by cytoskeletal elements such as
microtubules and micro filaments and that the plasma membrane and mem
brane systems such as the Golgi-complex and the endoplasmic reticulum play
a most important functional role. Therefore, nearly all chapters deal to a
certain degree with these cytological elements.
Although quite a number of important formative processes taking place in
various plant cell systems could be elucidated during the last years, many
basic facts of form and pattern formation are still unknown. We hope that
this book, which presents for the first time a survey of our present knowledge
on plant cytomorphogenesis, will help to increase the interest of more
scientists in this highly interesting and fascinating field of research. This book
also makes clear the present methodical limitations restricting a deeper
understanding and search for the basic principles of cytomorphogenesis. There
is no doubt that more inventive ideas and the introduction of the most
advanced cytological techniques, especially for the study of membranogenesis
and cytoskeletal structures and functions, will be necessary for a further
search into cytomorphogenesis, which still belongs to one of the most mysteri
ous events in biology.
I am most grateful to the authors of the chapters for the realization of this
book. Without their appreciative cooperation this book would not have been
completed. I am also thankful to professors R. M. BROWN (Chapel Hill),
P. GREEN (Stanford), P. K. HEPLER (Amherst), and J. D. PICKETT-HEAPS
(Boulder) for various suggestions, and to my coworkers Dr. URSULA MEINDL
and SUSANNE HAMPL for various aids during the preparation of the manu
script. I am also thankful to Springer-Verlag in Vienna, especially to
Dr. W. SCHWABL and Dr. ERNA UNGERSBACK for their interest and support
of this publication and for the high printing quality of the many illustrations.
Salzburg, August 1981 OSWALD KIERMAYER
Contents
List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
I. Cytomorphogenesis in Unicellular Plants and Cell Aggregates
SLEYTR, U. B.: Morphopoietic and Functional Aspects of Regular Protein Mem-
branes Present on Prokaryotic Cell Walls . . . 3
ROMANOVICZ, D. K.: Scale Formation in Flagellates 27
SCHMID, ANNA-MARIA M., BOROWITZKA, M. A., VOLCANI, B. E.: Morphogenesis and
Biodtemistry of Diatom Cell Walls. . . . . . . 63
MILLINGTON, W. F.: Form and Pattern in Pediastrum . . . . . . . . 99
SCHWEIGER, H. G., BERGER, SIGRID: Pattern Formation in Acetabularia 119
KIERMAYER, 0.: Cytoplasmic Basis of Morphogenesis in Micrasterias . . 147
KALLIO, P., LEHTONEN, J.: Nuclear Control of Morphogenesis in Micrasterias 191
NEUHAUS, G., KIERMAYER, 0.: Formation and Distribution of Cell Wall Pores in
Desmids . . . . .. ....................... 215
II. Cytomorphogenesis in Multicellular Plants
TAIZ, L., METRAUX, J.-P., RICHMOND, P. A.: Control of Cell Expansion in the
Nitelia Internode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
SIEVERS, A., SCHNEPF, E.: Morphogenesis and Polarity of Tubular Cells with Tip
Growth ............................... 265
GUNNING, B. E. S.: Microtubules and Cytomorphogenesis in a Developing Organ:
The Root Primordium of Azolia pinnata . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
HEPLER, P. K.: Morphogenesis of Tradteary Elements and Guard Cells. . 327
BUCHEN, BRIGITTE, SIEVERS, A.: Sporogenesis and Pollen Grain Formation 349
III. General Aspects of Cytomorphogenesis in Plants
WEISENSEEL, M. H., KICHERER, ROSALINDE M.: Ionic Currents as Control Medtanism
in Cytomorphogenesis ................... 379
SITTE, P.: Role of Lipid Self-Assembly in Subcellular Morphogenesis. . . . . . . 401
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
List of Contributors
BERGER, SIGRID, Max-Planck Institute for Cell Biology, Rosenhof, D-6802 Ladenburg bei
Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
BOROWITZKA, MICHAEL A., Roche Research Institute of Marine Pharmacology, P.O. Box 255,
Dee Why, 2099, N.S.W., Australia.
BUCHEN, BRIGITTE, Botanical Institute, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, D-5300 Bonn,
Federal Republic of Germany.
GUNNING, BRIAN E. S., Department of Developmental Biology, Research School of Biological
Sciences, Australian National University, P.O. Box 475, Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601,
Australia.
HEPLER, PETER K., Botany Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003,
U.S.A.
KALLIO, PAAVO, Department of Biology, Botanical Laboratory, University of Turku, SF-20500
Turku 50, Finland.
KrcHERER, ROSALINDE M., Institute for Botany and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of
Erlangen, Schlossgarten 4, D-8520 Erlangen, Federal Republic of Germany.
KIERMAYER, OSWALD, Botanical Institute, University of Salzburg, Lasserstrasse 39, A-5020
Salzburg, Austria.
LEHTONEN, JOHANI, Department of Biology, Botanical Laboratory, University of Turku,
SF-20500 Turku 50, Finland.
METRAUX, JEAN-PIERRE, Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720,
U.S.A.
MILLINGTON, WILLIAM F., Department of Biology, Marquette University, 530 North 15th Street,
Milwaukee, WI 53233, U.S.A.
NEUHAUS, GUNTHER, Max-Planck Institute for Cell Biology, Rosenhof, D-6802 Ladenburg
bei Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
RICHMOND, PAUL A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton,
CA 95211, U.S.A.
ROMANOVICZ, DWIGHT K., Department of Biology, West Georgia College, Carrollton,
GA 30118, U.S.A.
SCHMID, ANNA-MARIA M., Botanical Institute, University of Salzburg, Lasserstrasse 39, A-5020
Salzburg, Austria.
SCHNEPF, EBERHARD, Cell Science, University of Heidelberg, 1m Neuenheimer Feld 230,
D-6900 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
SCHWEIGER, HANS-GEORG, Max-Planck Institute for Cell Biology, Rosenhof, D-6802 Laden
burg bei Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
x List of Contributors
SIEVERS, ANDREAS, Botanical Institute, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, D-5300 Bonn,
Federal Republic of Germany.
SITTE, PETER, Institute for Biology II (Cell Biology), University of Freiburg i. Br., Schanzle
strasse 9, D-7800 Freiburg i. Br., Federal Republic of Germany.
SLEYTR, UWE B., Center for Ultrastructure Research, University of Agriculture, Gregor
Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Wien, Austria.
TAIZ, LINCOLN, Division of Natural Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064,
U.S.A.
VOLCANI, BENJAMIN E., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La
Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A.
WEISENSEEL, MANFRED H., Botanical Institute, Technical University of Karlsruhe, Kaiser
strasse 2, D-7500 Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany.
I. Cytomorphogenesis in Unicellular Plants and Cell Aggregates
