Cyber Challenges and National Security: Threats, Opportunities, and Power in a Virtual World

257 Pages·2012·1.731 MB·English

by  Derek S. Reveron (ed.)

C Y B E R S P A C E
A N D N AT I O N A L
S E C U R I T Y
This page intentionally left blank
C Y B E R S P A C E
A N D N A T I O N A L
S E C U R I T Y
Threats, Opportunities, and Power
in a Virtual World
D E R E K S . R E V E R O N
Editor
Georgetown University Press / Washington, DC
(cid:2)2012GeorgetownUniversityPress.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybe
reproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including
photocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without
permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Cyberspaceandnationalsecurity:threats,opportunities,andpowerinavirtualworld/
DerekS.Reveron,editor.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-58901-918-8(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.Cyberterrorism. 2.Nationalsecurity. 3.Conflictmanagement. I.Reveron,DerekS.
HV6773.15.C97C93 2012
355(cid:2).033002854678—dc23
2011051019
(cid:3)(cid:3) Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepapermeetingtherequirementsofthe
AmericanNationalStandardforPermanenceinPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials.
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Firstprinting
C O N T E N T S
ListofIllustrations vii
Acknowledgments ix
PART I: THINKING ABOUT CYBER
CHAPTER 1
AnIntroductiontoNationalSecurityandCyberspace 3
DerekS.Reveron
CHAPTER 2
SpeculativeSecurity 21
PatrickJagoda
CHAPTER 3
OperationalConsiderationsinCyberAttackandCyber
Exploitation 37
HerbertLin
CHAPTER 4
JoiningCybercrimeandCyberterrorism:ALikelyScenario 57
StevenBucci
PART II: ARMED CONFLICT AND CYBER
DEFENSE
CHAPTER 5
InterarmasilentlegesRedux?TheLawofArmedConflictandCyber
Conflict 71
DavidP.Fidler
CHAPTER 6
TheEmergingStructureofStrategicCyberOffense,Cyber
Defense,andCyberDeterrence 89
RichardB.Andres
v
vi .......................................................................Contents
CHAPTER 7
ANewFrameworkforCyberDeterrence 105
JeffreyR.Cooper
CHAPTER 8
CyberedConflict,CyberPower,andSecurityResilienceasStrategy 121
ChrisDemchak
PART III: NATIONAL APPROACHES TO
CYBERSECURITY AND CYBERWAR
CHAPTER 9
PersistentEnemiesandCyberwar:RivalryRelationsinanAgeof
InformationWarfare 139
BrandonValerianoandRyanManess
CHAPTER 10
CompetingTransatlanticVisionsofCybersecurity 159
JamesJoyner
CHAPTER 11
TheBearGoesDigital:RussiaandItsCyberCapabilities 173
NikolasK.Gvosdev
CHAPTER 12
ChinainCyberspace 191
NigelInkster
CHAPTER 13
TowardaTheoryofCyberPower:StrategicPurposeinPeaceand
War 207
JohnB.Sheldon
CHAPTER 14
Conclusion 225
DerekS.Reveron
Contributors 231
Index 237
I L LU S T R AT I O N S
Figure
4.1 TheCyberThreatEnvironment 58
Tables
1.1 WorldInternetUsers 6
1.2 CyberThreatsDefined 8
1.3 SourcesofCyberInsecurity 12
1.4 MaliciousActivitybyCountry,July–September2010 14
3.1 AComparisonofKeyCharacteristicsofCyberAttackvs.
KineticAttack 38
3.2 PossibleEndsandWaysofCyberExploitation 52
7.1 UnderstandingCooperation,Competition,andConflict 111
9.1 OverallCyberwarStrengthamongKeyCountries 147
9.2 CyberAttacksbetweenRussiaandGeorgia 149
9.3 CyberAttacksbetweenIsraelandIran 151
vii
This page intentionally left blank
AC K N OW L E D G M E N T S
C
REATINGANEDITEDVOLUMEhasmanychallenges.Authorshavedifferent
writing styles and schedules, editors struggle to ensure coherence, and publishers
need timeliness and relevance. On these points, any flaws are my own, and I am
grateful to the patience and guidance that Don Jacobs and the rest of the staff of
GeorgetownUniversityPressprovided.
AsaprofessorattheUSNavalWarCollege,Ibenefitgreatlyfrommycolleagues
and my students who continuously challenge contemporary ideas about national
security. When it comes to cyber, there is no shortage of thoughts, and Newport,
Rhode Island, is extremely rich with faculty dedicated to thinking about national
security.Inparticular,IwouldliketothankViceAdm.PhilWisecup,Amb.Maryann
Peters, Rear Adm. Roger Nolan, and Dean John Garofano for encouraging my
researchonnationalsecurityandcyberspace.Iamgratefulforthetrusttheyplaced
inmeastheEMCinformationistchairtostimulateresearch,writing,andteaching
aboutcyberissuesinNewport.
MyNWC‘‘cybercolleagues’’RoyPetty,DickCrowell,StephanieHelm,andChris
Demchakcontinuetobeverysupportiveandhelpfulaswesortthroughtheimplica-
tionsofcyberspaceonhowtheDefenseDepartmenttrains,equips,andorganizesin
cyberspace.Ilookforwardtofuturecollaborationsasweconsidernationalsecurity
challengesinthevirtualworld.
Asalways, Ithankmyfamily, whocontinueto createarichenvironment forme
tothink,research,andwrite.
ix