Table Of ContentCut Protective Textiles
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The Textile Institute Book Series
Cut Protective Textiles
Daniel (Xuedong) Li
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Contents
ForewordbyAlanE.Learned vii
ForewordbyVlodekGabara ix
Preface xi
1 Cutandslashhazards 1
2 Evaluatecutresistance 15
2.1 ISO13997 15
2.2 EN388:2016andISO23388:2018 21
2.3 ASTMF2992/F2992M-15 34
2.4 ISO13998 40
2.5 ISO13999 44
2.5.1 ISO13999-3 45
2.5.2 ISO13999-2 48
2.5.3 ISO13999-1 49
2.6 Cutresistanceforprotectionagainstchainsaw 50
2.6.1 ISOandENstandardsseriesforchainsawprotection 50
2.6.2 ASTMstandardsseriesforchainsawprotection 53
3 Fundamentaloffibers 59
3.1 Basicformsoffibers 59
3.1.1 Stapleandstaplespunyarn 61
3.1.2 Filamentyarn 81
3.1.3 Texturedyarn 81
3.1.4 Compositeyarn:core-spunyarnandwrappedyarn 87
3.2 Basicpropertiesoffibers 96
3.2.1 Lineardensity 96
3.2.2 Mechanicalproperties 101
3.2.3 Hairiness 107
3.2.4 Yarnevenness 107
3.2.5 Twist 109
4 Convertfibertotextile 111
4.1 Knitting 111
4.2 Weaving 121
4.3 Nonwoven 125
vi Contents
5 Choiceofmaterialsforcutprotectivetextile 129
5.1 Spinning 129
5.1.1 Meltspinning 129
5.1.2 Solutionspinning 129
5.2 Materials 133
5.2.1 para-Aramid 133
5.2.2 High-strengthpolyethylene(ultrahighmolecularweight
polyethylene) 147
5.2.3 Glassfiber 165
5.2.4 Steelwire 169
5.2.5 Nylonfiber 175
5.2.6 Polyesterfiber 176
5.2.7 Whollyaromatic polyesterfiber 180
5.2.8 Cottonfiber 185
5.2.9 Poly-p-phenylenebenzobisoxazolefiber 186
5.2.10 Highstrengthandhighmoduluspolypropylenefiber 188
5.2.11 Polyvinylalcoholfiber 190
5.2.12 Basaltfiber 193
5.2.13 Polyimidefiber 194
5.2.14 Tungstenwire 198
5.2.15 Otherfibers 200
5.3 Dippingorcoatingmaterialsforcutprotectivetextile 201
5.3.1 Solvent-bornepolyurethane 206
5.3.2 Water-bornepolyurethanedispersion/emulsion 212
5.3.3 Naturalrubberlatex 212
5.3.4 Nitrilerubberlatex 214
5.3.5 Chloroprenelatex 216
5.3.6 Polyvinylchloridedippingordotting 216
5.3.7 Siliconerubberdotting 217
5.3.8 Othercoatingmaterials 218
6 Mechanismofcutandcutresistance,factorsaffectingcut
resistance,anddevelopmenttrendofcutresistantproducts 219
6.1 Mechanismofcut 219
6.2 Factorsaffectingcutresistance 224
6.3 Developmenttrendandmeasurestoimprovecutresistance 228
AppendixA:Conversionsbetweendifferentunitsoftenacityandstrength 233
AppendixB:Datainpatents 235
AppendixC:Statisticalanalysisfordatainpatents 237
AppendixD:Physicalpropertiesofmaterials 241
AppendixE:Constructionsofknitfabricwithdifferentfibers 245
References 247
Index 273
Foreword
Over 1 million workers in North America will be taken to the emergency room this
year for the treatment of hand injuries. Seventy percent of those injuries occurred,
while the workers were not wearing any protective gloves, and the remaining 30%
were wearing the wrong type of gloves for the level of hazard they were
experiencing.
So YES!!!, cut protective gloves is an important topic from both a business cost
perspective,withtheaveragemedicaltreatmentcostrangingfrom$6000to$10,000
foreachinjury,andfromapersonalpainandsufferingperspective,wheretheimpact
isnotonlyintheworkplace,butalsoathomeamongfamilieswhenamother/father/
wife/husband/brother/sister/son/daughter returns from work injured. According to
the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA is a federal agency in
theUnitedStatesresponsibleforassuringasafeandhealthfulenvironmentforwork-
ers), more than 70% of those injuries could have been avoided with the appropriate
training,design,andpersonalprotectiveequipment,suchascutprotectivegloves.
It was over a decade ago at a technology leadership conference that I first met
Dr. Xuedong Li. My career in textiles and technology development has spanned
over 40 years, and in that first meeting, I was impressed by Dr. Li’s passion for
safety and protection. During the following years while Dr. Li worked in my global
technology team, I learned to appreciate even more his strong intellectual curiosity
that drove him to relentlessly pursue the fundamentals of his development projects,
searchingforbetterwaystoprovidehigherperformanceandbetterprotection.
Dr. Li’s book on Cut Protective Gloves will provide you both a broad and deep
look at this fascinating and complex topic, cut protection. He will introduce the
basic building blocks of the protective materials, polymers, and fibers, how the
fibers and fabrics are measured to understand their ability to protect the workers,
and how the materials are constructed into their final protective form, gloves. Dr.
Li will explore with you the fundamental mechanisms of cut protection and will
evenunpackforyouseveralofthecurrentmysteriesthatstillexistinthisfield.
Whether you are just beginning your journey to understand cut protection, or if
you are an experienced professional in this area, I believe you will find new
insights that will act as a catalyst to ultimately help workers return home safe and
uninjured.
Dr.AlanE.Learned
RetiredGlobalTechnologyManager
DuPontdeNemours,Inc.
Foreword
I have enjoyed writing this foreword for two reasons: I have spent most of my pro-
fessional life doing research in the field of advanced fibers and I have known, the
author,Dr.DanielLi,formostofhisprofessionallife.
R&Dinadvancedfiberfieldsharesmanyelementswithresearch onotherfibers.
In both cases, one needs to develop understanding of polymer chemistry and tech-
nology of polymer formation, in both one needs to develop understanding of engi-
neering of fiber formation and many other technologies. What distinguishes the
advanced fiber field is the necessity to understand how these fibers perform in final
applications.This is assophisticatedand asfundamentalscience asscience ofpoly-
merizationchemistryorspinningsolutionrheology.Thisunderstandingisnecessary
to design final objects while maximizing the utilization of the unusual physical
properties of these fibers. The unique anisotropy of properties of these fibers has to
beconsideredinalmostallapplications.
Dr. Li monograph covers cut protection, one the important applications of these
fibers.The monographcoversa complete range oftopics required tounderstandthe
problem. It includes basic science of fibers, yarns, composite yarn, and finally fab-
rics and their production. A very useful, brief description of fibers used in this
application gives readers the necessary background information. Mechanism of cut
protection and treatment of fabrics used in this application completes the
monograph.
In addition to its completeness, it is well written and I am convinced it will be
useful for scientists and engineers with different levels of familiarity with the field.
I do hope that Dr. Li will consider expanding his work into other applications of
advancedfibers.
Dr.VlodekGabara
RetiredGlobalTechnologyManager,
DuPontdeNemours,Inc.
January2019
Preface
The awareness of and demand for safety protection have been constantly increasing
along with the ongoing development of our global economies. Worldwide, the
developed countries are leading in the legislation and execution for labor protection
as well as the development and use of personal protective equipment, which set
examplesforandcanbeusedbythedevelopingcountries.
I used to work in DuPont for many years on the applications of aramid fibers. In
the manufacturing sector, the safetysystem and practices of DuPonthave been well
known across the world and have been viewed by many as setting the highest bar
of safety performance in industry. DuPont has also participated in establishing
many safety standards in the United States. I have experienced and learned tremen-
dously both safety theory and practice during working in the laboratories in
DuPont.IntheDuPontmanufacturinggroups,safetycontacts,auditing,andtraining
wereexpectedoneachshiftofeveryday...7daysperweek...365daysperyear.In
nonmanufacturing group, safety is also a daily topic. In the R&D labs I worked,
besides all the safety measures and information exchange done on a daily basis, a
formal monthly safety training was mandatory for every employee. The training
covered different contents each month, such as electric safety, hand safety, machin-
ery safety, chemical safety, household safety, sports safety, motorcycle and bicycle
safety, pedestrian safety, children safety, sometimes latest changes in laws and reg-
ulations such as new traffic laws. I always left my cell phones in office and sat in
front of the training class in order for me to focus on the training. More than 10
years,suchexperienceintrainingalsobenefitsmetremendously.
I hadthe opportunityto get hands-on andparticipate inupgrading many types of
equipment and processes to improve the safety. As I handled lots of equipment, in
DuPont’s machinery safety management standard and practice have tremendously
benefitedmeatmyjob.
The safety practices of DuPont not only cover on-the-job areas, but also extend
to off-the-job, especially to the employees’ families, for instance, household safety,
appliance safety, children safety. The strict policy of safety belt use and the penalty
for not using also help to save lives of my colleagues who became involved in traf-
fic accidents. I always remember a surprising moment in Shanghai, China that a
taxi driver told me that I must be from DuPont when I got into his taxi and insisted
on getting the seat belt to fasten. Influenced by the safety culture of DuPont, many
employees equip fire extinguishers at home, which is not common in China. This
didsaveoneofmycolleagues’familyinahomefireincident.
In addition, aramid fibers are widely used in protective products. As my techni-
cal field was in aramid fibers, I did extensive research and development in cut
