Table Of ContentCurrent Problems of Hydrogeology in Urban Areas,
Urban Agglomerates and Industrial Centres
NATO Science Series
ASeriespresentingtheresultsofscientificmeetingssupportedundertheNArDScience
Programme.
TheSeriesispublishedby10SPress,Amsterdam,andKluwerAcademic Publishersinconjunction
withtheNATOScientificAffairsDivision
Sub-Series
1. LifeandBehaviouralSciences 10SPress
II. Mathematics,Physicsand Chemistry KluwerAcademicPublishers
JII.ComputerandSystemsScience 10SPress
IV.Earthand EnvironmentalSciences KluwerAcademicPublishers
V. ScienceandTechnologyPolicy 10SPress
TheNATOScienceSeriescontinuestheseriesofbookspublishedformerlyastheNATOASISeries.
The NATOScience Programme offers support for collaboration incivilscience between scientists of
countries oftheEuro-AtlanticPartnership Council.Thetypes ofscientificmeeting generally supported
are"AdvancedStudyInstitutes"and"AdvancedResearchWorkshops",althoughothertypesofmeeting
aresupportedfromtimetotime.TheNATOScienceSeriescollects togethertheresultsofthese mee
tings.The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATOcountries and scientists from NATO's
Partnercountries- countriesoftheCISandCentralandEasternEurope.
AdvancedStudyInstitutesarehigh-Ieveltutorialcoursesofferingin-depthstudyoflatestadvancesin
afield.
AdvancedResearchWorkshopsareexpertmeetingsaimedatcriticalassessmentofafield,andiden
tification ofdirectionsforfutureaction.
As aconsequence oftherestructuringofthe NATOScience Programme in1999,the NATOScience
Serieshasbeenre-organisedandtherearecurrentlyfivesub-seriesasnotedabove.Pleaseconsultthe
followingwebsitesforinformationonpreviousvolumespublishedintheSeries,aswellasdetailsofear
liersub-series.
http://www.nato.intlscience
http://www.wkap.nl
http://www.iospress.nl
http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm
SeriesIV:EarthandEnvironmentalSciences- VoI.8
Current Problems
of Hydrogeology in Urban Areas,
Urban Agglomerates
and Industrial Centres
ediled by
Ken W.F. Howard
ChairoftheInternationalAssocialionofHydrogeologists,
CommissiononGroundwaterinUrbanAreas,
UniversityofToronto,Canada
.od
Raul G.Isralilov
GeologyInstitute,
AzerbaijanAcademyofSciences,
Baku,Azerbaijan
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
ProceedingsoftheNATOAdvancedResearchWorkshopon
CurrentProblemsofHydrogeologyinUrbanAreas, UrbanAgglomerates
andIndustrialCentres
Baku,Azerbaijan
29May-1June2001
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-0601-2 ISBN 978-94-010-0409-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0409-1
Printedonacid-treepaper
AII RightsReserved
©2002 SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht
Originallypublished byKluwerAcademicPublishersin2002
Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition 2002
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduce<!,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany
formor byanymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or
otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any
materialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacompu
tersystern,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.
TABLE OFCONTENTS
PREFACE IX
1. URBAN GROUNDWATERISSUES- AN INTRODUCTION
K.WF. HOWARD
2. GROUNDWATERANOMALIES INTHE URBANAREAS OF
AZERBAIJAN 17
R.G. ISRAFILOV
3. URBANGROUNDWATERAND SANITATION- DEVELOPED
AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 39
M.H. BARRETTANDA.G. HOWARD
4. MODELLINGASAPOWERFULTOOL FORPREDICTING
HYDROGEOLOGICALCHANGEIN URBANAND INDUSTRIAL
AREAS 57
A. SPALVINS
5. URBAN GROUNDWATERPROTECTIONAND MANAGEMENT:
LESSONS FROM DEVELOPING CITIES,BANGLADESHAND
KYRGHYZSTAN 77
B.L. MORRIS, R.G. LITVAKAND K.M.AHMED
6. CONTROLLINGSEAWATERINTRUSIONBENEATHCOASTAL
CITIES 103
H.M.OZLER
7. THE INFLUENCEOFURBANISATIONON GROUNDWATER
RECHARGEAND DISCHARGE INTHE CITYOFEVORA,
SOUTH PORTUGAL 127
1. DUQUE,A. CHAMBELAND M. MADEIRA
8. WELLWATERQUALITYAND POLLUTANT SOURCE DISTRI-
BUTIONS INAN URBANAQUIFER 139
1.H.TELLAMANDA. THOMAS
9. HYDROGEOLOGICAL FACTORSFORSUSTAINABLEURBAN
WATERSYSTEMS 159
M. EISWIRTH
vi
10.MANAGINGGROUNDWATERSUPPLIESTOMEETMUNICIPAL
DEMANDS- THEROLEOFSIMULATION - OPTIMISATION-
DEMANDMODELSANDDATAISSUES 185
E. ZIAHOSSEINIPOUR
11.EFFECTS OF INTERACTIONBETWEENSURFACEWATERAND
GROUNDWATERONGROUNDWATERFLOWANDQUALITY
BENEATHURBANAREAS 201
T. GRISCHEK,A. FOLEY, D. SCHOENHEINZAND B. GUTT
12.RISING GROUNDWATERLEVELS IN NORTH-EASTERN
UKRAINE: HAZARDOUSTRENDSIN URBANAREAS 221
v.v.
JAKOVLJEY, L.P. SVIRENKO,O.JU. CHEBANOVAND0.1. SPIRIN
13.MAJORASPECTSOF URBAN HYDROGEOLOGY IN CENTRAL
EUROPE- EXAMPLESFROMGERMANY 243
E.P. LOEHNERT
14.GROUNDWATERASANALTERNATIVE SOURCE OFSUPPLY
FORURBANAREASINRUSSIA 263
I.S. ZEKTSERAND L.S.YAZVIN
15.PROBLEMSOFGROUNDWATEREXPLORATION IN GYANDJA
CITY,AZERBAIJAN 273
Y.G. ISRAFILOV
16.GEOSTATISTICALCHARACTERISATIONOFAQUIFER HETE
ROGENEITYAROUNDTWO URBAN LANDFILLS USING
LITHOLOGICALANDGEOPHYSICALDATA 285
L. RIBEIRO
17.GROUNDWATERPROTECTION INTHE REPUBLICOF
AZERBAIJAN RELATEDTOTHEPRODUCTIONANDTRANS-
PORTATION OFOIL 301
ES. ALIEVAND ES. ASKEROV
18.UTILISATIONAND PROTECTIONOFFRESH,MINERAL AND
GEOTHERMAL WATERS INTHE URBANAREAOF HORNA
NITRA,SLOVAKIA 317
M.FENDEK
19.ENVIRONMENTALLIABILITYANDMETHODSOFPOLLUTION
PREVENTION- LEGALANDTECHNICALAPPROACHESIN
GERMANY 331
D. KLAFFKE
vii
20.IMPACTSONTHE ENGINEERINGPROPERTIESOFROCKS IN
TBILISI,GEORGIA DUETOCHANGING HYDROGEOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS 353
G. BUACHIDZE, G. CHOKHONELIDZEANDV. CHUMBURIDZE
21.URBANGROUNDWATERCONTAMINATION: LESSONS FROM
THE DONBASSREGION,UKRAINE 363
V.G. MAGMEDOV,L.S. GALETSKY AND YeA YAKOVLEV
22.UNDERSTANDING HYDROGEOLOGICALENVIRONMENTSAS
APREREQUISITE FORPREDICTINGTECHNOGENIC CHAN-
GES INGROUNDWATERSYSTEMS 381
1.KRASNY
23.ANTHROPOGENIC HYDROGEOLOGICALCONDITIONS IN
THE MOSCOWCITYAREA,RUSSIA 399
R.G. DZHAMALOVANDv.L. ZLOBINA
24.PREDICTING GROUNDWATERFLOWBEHAVIORIN NON
UNIFORMAQUIFERS INCONTACTWITHASTREAM:AN
EXTENSIONTO DITCH DRAINAGE 407
H.ONDER
25.ASURVEYOF GROUNDWATERLEVELRISEAND RECOM
MENDATIONS FORHIGHWATERTABLEMITIGATION FOR
THE CITYOFGULISTAN,REPUBLIC OFUZBEKISTAN 425
R.K. IKRAMOVAND KH.I.YAKUBOV
26.NATURALATTENUATION OFAIRPORTPOLLUTANTSINTHE
UNSATURATEDZONE- STUDIESATGARDERMOEN,NORWAY 437
H.K. FRENCH, L.R. BAKKENAND S.E.A.T.M.VAN DERZEE
27.METHODSOFASSESSING IMPACTSOFURBANISATIONON
GROUNDWATERQUALITY- LITHUANIAN EXPERIENCE 457
A.A. KLIMAS
28.GROUNDWATERQUALITYAND POLLUTIONPROBLEMS IN -
THE IZMIRREGION OFTURKEY 479
A.TURKMAN,A. ASLANAND Z.YILMAZ
INDEX 491
PREFACE
In recent decades, urban groundwater issues have generated worldwide concern - the
problems are numerous: too little groundwater, too much groundwater, and
groundwater contaminated by either saline water or a broad spectrum of urban and
industrial pollutants. Urban groundwater was a major focus of Urban Water '88, a
UNESCO symposium dealing with hydrological processes and water management in
urban areas; in 1992, it was recognised once again at the "UnitedNations Conference
on Environment and Development" in Rio, where Agenda 21 responded to a growing
concern for rapid urbanpopulationgrowthby specifYingtheneed to protect the quality
and supply of freshwater resources by an integrated approach to the development,
managementand useofwaterin a sustainable way. In 1996, a UN Habitat Conference
held in Beijingdealt with "ManagingWater Resources for LargeCities," and in 1997,
the International Association of Hydrogeologists dedicated its XXVII Congress in
Nottingham, UK, to the topic of"Groundwater in Urban Areas." In the past five years
urban groundwater issues have become a regular theme at groundwater conferences
throughouttheworld.
In May 2001, a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Current Problems of
Hydrogeology in Urban Areas, Urban Agglomerates and Industrial Centres" was held
in Baku, Azerbaijan on the understanding that many urban groundwater problems are
not unique to anyone region and there is much to begained byscientific co-operation
on an international scale. The products of that workshop, co-sponsored by the
International Association of Hydrogeologists Commission on Groundwater in Urban
Areas, (IAHCGUA), are presented in this volume. Someofthecasestudieshave never
before been described in the English language. Overall, the papers represent the work
and experiences of researchers and groundwater professionals who have worked on
urban groundwater issues in developed and lesser-developed nationsaround the world.
They reveal the magnitude and scope of the problem; but they also identifY future
challenges, potential courses ofaction, and emerging technologies that give hope for
the future. In some urban areas, the outlook may appear bleak. However, in the past
twentyyears, much has been learnedaboutthe influenceofurban andindustrialactivity
on groundwater quality and quantity, and the science of urban groundwater has
developed immensely. The knowledge base is strong and technologies for resource
conservation, management and protection are advancing well. Toooften, groundwater
professionals have been content to respond to the symptoms ofthe problem and have
avoided the root cause. Itis timefor groundwaterpractitioners tomovefrom reactive to
proactivemode and becomedirectlyinvolvedin theurban planningprocess. Onlythen
can we ensure that groundwater becomes less of an urban problem and more an
instrumentfor sustainableurban growth, health andprosperity.
Ken HowardandRauflsrafilov, NATO ARW Directors,January 2002
ix
URBANGROUNDWATERISSUES- AN INTRODUCTION
K.W.F. HOWARD
Chairof the InternationalAssociationofHydrogeologists
CommissiononGroundwaterin Urban Areas, and
ProfessorofHydrogeology
UniversityofTorontoatScarborough,
1265Military Trail, Scarborough,
OntarioMIC IA4,
Canada
ABSTRACT: Manyofthe world's urbanised regions grewataslowbutconsistentrate
for thousands ofyears. In many countries, urban growth rates accelerated in the 19th
century due to the industrial revolution. Today, however, most rapid growth is
occurringin Asian andLatin American countrieswhereconcernshavebeenraised that
the rates may be environmentallyunsustainable. Currently, threebillionpeoplelive in
urban areas, representinghalftheworld'spopulation. This numbercoulddoublewithin
fifty years. Large urban areas are the economic engines ofthe world. However, they
exert an enormous stress on natural resources and the immediate environment
groundwater, in particular, is seriously compromised. The earliest impacts were
recognised in areas where excessive use ofgroundwater led to a regional lowering of
the potentiometric surface and promoted such problems as reduced well yields, saline
intrusion and land subsidence. Today, the most common urban groundwater issues
concern groundwater pollution from urban and industrial sources and recharge
management, mainly in the context of rising water levels. As a science, urban
hydrogeology is relatively young. Issues are complex and much remains to be done.
Nevertheless, a wealth of knowledge has been gained, many issues are well
documented and problems are generally well understood. Solutions are beginning to
emerge and there is encouraging evidence that better methods of impact prediction,
groundwater protection and urban groundwater management will provide major
benefits. Thereis nowarecognition that groundwatermustform an integral partofthe
urban planningprocess iflarge urban and industrial regions are to beenvironmentally
sustainable. It is essential, however, that groundwater professionals adopt a proactive
roleiftheir skillsandknowledge are tobefully incorporatedin this process.
K.W.F.HowardandR.G.Israfilov(eds.),
CurrentProblemsofHydrogeologyinUrbanAreas.UrbanAgglomeratesandIndustrialCentres, 1-15.
©2002KluwerAcademicPublishers. PrintedintheNetherlands.
2
1. Introduction
Large urban areas provide the work force and infrastructure that drive the world's
economy. Unfortunately, large population centres and associated industrial and
commercial activity can exert an enormous stress on the natural resources ofa region,
the mostimportantbeingwater. Halfthe world'spopulationofsixbillionpresentlylive
in urban areas; some suggest this number will double by 2050. It is now well
recognised that safe water supplies and adequate sanitation and drainage are a
fundamental requirement ifgrowth ofthe world's largest urban conurbations is to be
environmentallysustainable[1].
Groundwater represents the world's largest and most important source ofpotable
water [2]. It is also an important resource for many ofthe world's larger cities. Urban
and industrial developmentcan impose majorstresses on this resource - onquantity by
increasing water demand, and on quality through the release ofcontaminants that can
compromise groundwater quality and thereby limit its utility. Perhaps more critically,
urban and industrial development can radically disrupt the entire water balance ofan
area by modifying key hydrologic components such as evapotranspiration, run-offand
aquifer recharge. The overall effect can be to alter groundwater flow directions and
fundamentally change the nature and degree of interaction between water bodies
groundwater, riverwater, lakes, wetlandsandtheseas.Understandingsuchchangesand
developing methods to responsiblymanage theireffects is the primarychallenge facing
practitionersinthefield ofurbangroundwater.
The purposeofthispaperis toprovidethe readerwithabriefintroductiontourban
groundwater and the many issues and problems that must be resolved. As a science,
urban hydrogeology is relatively young. Nevertheless, the knowledge base has
increased significantly in recent years, many problems are well understood and
solutionsarebeginningtoemerge.
2. EarliestImpacts
In many parts ofthe world, settlement and subsequent growth of "urban" population
centreshasoccurredataslowbutconsistentratefor thousandsofyears. Inanumberof
countries, urban growth rates accelerated during the 19th century due to the industrial
revolution which attracted immigrants from the surrounding countryside. In modem
times, rapid growth is predominantly occurring in Asian and LatinAmerican countries
whereconcernshavebeenraisedthatratesmaybeenvironmentallyunsustainable [3].
Many heavily populated areas can attribute their origins to groundwater which
eitheremergedfrom the groundas cool springsoffresh, clearwaterorwasdrawn from
shallow private wells. As a potable source, groundwater is normally more'desirable
thansurfacewatersinceittends tobebetterprotectedfrom surface sourcesofpollution
