Table Of ContentCurrent Oculomotor Research
Physiological and Psychological Aspects
Current Oculomotor Research
Physiological and Psychological Aspects
Edited by
Wolfgang Becker
University of Ulm
Ulm. Germany
Heiner Deubel
Ludwig-Maximilians University
Munich. Germany
and
Thomas Mergner
University ofF reiburg
Freiburg. Germany
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Current oculomotor research : physiological and psychological
aspects / edited by Wolfgang Becker, Heiner Deubel, and Thomas
Mergner.
p. em.
"Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Eye Movements,
held September 23-26, 1997, in Ulm, Germany"--T_p_ verso_
Includes bibliographical references and index.
:. Eye··Movements'-Congresses. 2. Eye--Movement
disorders-'Congresses. I. Becker, Wolfgang, Dr. -lng. ~~. ~eube:,
Heiner. III. European Conference on Eye Movements 19th: 1997 :
Ulm, Germany)
QP477.5 .C87 1999
612.8'46- ·dc21
98·3:568
c:?
Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Eye Movements,
held September 23 - 26, 1997, in VIm, Germany
ISBN 978-1-4419-3308-9 ISBN 978-1-4757-3054-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-3054-8
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers in 1999.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written
permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This volume contains the proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Eye
Movements (ECEM 9), held in Ulm, Germany, on September 23-26, 1997. ECEM 9 con-
tinued a series of conferences initiated by Rudolf Groner of Bern, Switzerland, in 1981
which, from its very beginning, has brought together scientists from very diverse fields
with a common interest in eye movements. About 40 of the papers presented at ECEM 9
have been selected for presentation in full length while others are rendered in condensed
form.
There is a broad spectrum of motives why people have become involved in, and fas-
cinated by, eye movement research. Neuroscientists have been allured by the prospect of
understanding anatomical findings, single unit recordings, and the sequels of experimental
lesions in terms of the clearly defined system requirements and the well documented be-
havioural repertoire of the oculomotor system. Others have been attracted by the richness
of this repertoire and its dependence on an intricate hierarchy of factors spanning from
"simple" reflexes to visual pattern recognition and spatio-temporal prediction. Neurolo-
gists, neuro-ophthalmologists and neuro-otologists have long standing experience with eye
movements as sensitive indicators of lesions in the brain stem, the midbrain, and the cere-
bellum. By studying oculomotor malfunctions they have made, and are continuing to
make, important contributions to our understanding of oculomotor functions. Engineers,
early on, were intrigued by the often machine-like responses of our eyes and tried to ana-
lyze the underlying logical structure by means of systems theory. Others are interested in
developing ever more sophisticated and reliable eye movement recording systems or look
at the way eye movements scan the visual space in order to devise optimum strategies for
the presentation and search of visually coded information. Finally, psychologists have dis-
covered eye movements as indicators of cognitive processes and of variations of a sub-
ject's attentive state. They are investigating the role of eye movements in reading and are
considering their interactions with the uptake of visual information. In doing so, they have
come to pose the very same questions about the logical structure of the visuo-oculomotor
interface that also preoccupy their colleagues on the neuroscience and engineering side.
Characteristically, the originator of ECEM series himself is a psychologist.
Screening the more than 160 mostly excellent presentations given at ECEM 9 and
selecting 40 of them for full length presentation was not an easy task. We have tried to
identify the most outstanding contributions that would best reflect the broad and interdis-
ciplinary scope of the conference. We are indebted to the conference chairpersons for as-
sisting us herein with their invaluable advice. However, the ultimate responsibility for the
final selection is entirely with the editors-it is they who should be blamed for inconsis-
tencies and important papers that have been overlooked.
vi Preface
The conference, and hence this book, could not have been realized without the dedi-
cated help of numerous people. We wish to thank the staff of Sektion Neurophysiologie at
the University ofUlm, including T. BoB, V. Diekmann, B. Glinkemann, R. Jurgens, and R.
Kuhne, for their participation in the organization of the conference, Fray L. Frey for her
secretarial help, and W. Krause of Neurologische Klinik at the University of Freiburg for
helping to prepare the book.
Finally, we also gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Deutsche For-
schungsgemeinschaft and the Faculty of Medicine of the University ofUlm. We also thank
the participants who all contributed to an exciting and challenging conference.
The picture on the front cover shows the EYE OF HORUS, a symbol of the god Ho-
rus from the mythical world of ancient Egypt (here as artwork of T. Mergner). The symbol
was also considered a powerful amulet and was worn to ensure good health. The pharma-
cist's mark for prescription, ij, is derived from this symbol. Furthermore, the scheme also
represented a fractional quantification system to measure parts of a whole. Each piece of
the eye was thought to represent a fraction of the descending geometric series 1I2, 1I4,
1/8, ... 1I64. Its sum equals 63/64, or approximately 1. The eye is also thought to represent
the "whole" of sensory inputs, its parts standing for Touch, Taste, Hearing, Thought, Sight
and Smell. Following very precise laws related to the fraction values, it represented a kind
of "model" for what we call today sensory physiology.
W. Becker, Ulm
H. Deubel, Munich
T. Mergner, Freiburg
CONTENTS
1. Brainstem Anatomy of Saccades and Ocular Following
J. A. Buttner-Ennever and A. K. E. Hom
2. c-Fos Expression in the Optokinetic Nuclei of the Rat following Different Visual
Stimulus Conditions ........................................... 7
Giampaolo Biral, Renata Ferrari, and Sergio Fonda
3. Neuronal Activity in Monkey Superior Colliculus during an Antisaccade Task. . 17
Stefan Everling, Michael C. Dorris, and Douglas P. Munoz
4. Space and Salience in Parietal Cortex .................................. 25
Keith D. Powell, Carol L. Colby, Jacqueline Gottlieb, Makoto Kusunoki, and
Michael E. Goldberg
5. Parietal Neurons Are Activated by Smooth Pursuit of Imaginary Targets 37
U. J. IIg, J. A. Rommel, and P. Thier
6. Properties of Saccades during Optokinetic Responses to Radial Optic Flow in
Monkeys.................................................... 45
Markus Lappe, Martin Pekel, and Klaus-Peter Hoffmann
7. Erroneous Prosaccades in a Gap-Antisaccade-Task: Production, Correction, and
Recognition ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Burkhart Fischer, Stefan Gezeck, and Annette Mokler
8. The Subjective Direction of Gaze Shifts Long before the Saccade . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Heiner Deubel, David E. Irwin, and Werner X. Schneider
9. Does Visual Background Information Influence Saccadic Adaptation? 71
J. Ditterich, T. Eggert, and A. Straube
10. Effects of Target Size and Brightness and Fixation Point Size on Human
Visually-Guided Voluntary Saccades .............................. 81
Yoshinobu Ebisawa
11. Effects of Warning Signals on Saccadic Reaction Times and Event-Related
Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
A. Spantekow, P. Krappmann, S. Everling, and H. Flohr
viii Contents
12. Adaptation to Visual Field Defects with Virtual Reality Scotoma in Healthy
Subjects ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
W. H. Zangemeister and U. Oechsner
13. Saccadic Suppression and Adaptation: Revisiting the Methodology 93
M. R. MacAskill, S. R. Muir, and T. 1. Anderson
14. Modelling Prediction in Ocular Pursuit: The Importance of Short-Term Storage 97
G. R. Barnes and S. G. Wells
15. Parieto-Temporal Cortex Contributes to Velocity Storage Integration of
Vestibular Information ......................................... 109
1. Ventre-Dominey, N. Nighoghossian, and A. Vighetto
16. Three-Dimensional Primate Eye Movements during Lateral Translation . . . . . . . 117
M. Quinn McHenry, Bernhard 1.M. Hess, and Dora E. Angelaki
17. Smooth Pursuit to a Movement Flow and Associated Perceptual Judgments 125
Vue Chen, Robert M. McPeek, James Intriligator, Philip S. Holzman, and
Ken Nakayama
18. Reaction Times of Smooth Pursuit Initiation in Normal Subjects and in
"Express-Saccade Makers" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
H. Kimmig, 1. Mutter, M. Biscaldi, B. Fischer, and T. Mergner
19. Active Reproduction of Passive Rotations and Contingent Eye Movements 133
I. Israel and I. Siegler
20. Static Vestibulo-Ocular Brainstem Syndromes: Three-Dimensional Modeling
and Stimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
S. Glasauer, A. WeiB, M. Dieterich, and Th. Brandt
21. Proprioceptive Evoked Eye Movements ................................ 141
G. Schweigart, F. Botti, A. Lehmann, and T. Mergner
22. Pursuit-Dependent Distribution of Vergence among the Two Eyes. . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Casper 1. Erkelens
23. Coupled Perturbation Effects during 3D Target-Tracking Indicating a Shared
Control Stage for Saccades and Vergence .......................... 153
1. A. M. Van Gisbergen and V. Chaturvedi
24. Listing's Plane Orientation with Vergence: Effect of Disparity and
Accommodation .............................................. 165
Z. Kapoula, M. Bernotas, and T. Haslwanter
25. Intra- and Postsaccadic Disparity-Induced Vergence Changes during Repeated
Stimulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
A. Accardo, S. Pensiero, and P. Perissutti
Contents ix
26. Modelling Vergence Eye Movements Using Fuzzy Logic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
A. S. Eadie, P. Carlin, and L. S. Gray
27. The Variation of Cyclotorsion with Vergence and Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Jim Ivins, John Porrill, and John Frisby
28. Blinks and Associated Eye Movements ................................. 187
L.J. Bour, B.W. Ongerboer de Visser, M. Hettema, A. Swaneveld, and
M. Aramideh
29. Opposing Resistance to the Head Movement Does Not Affect Space Perception
during Head Rotations ......................................... 193
Jean Blouin, Nicolas Amade, Jean-Louis Vercher, and Gabriel Gauthier
30. Updating the Location of Visual Objects in Space following Vestibular
Stimulation .................................................. 203
G. Nasios, A. Rumberger, C. Maurer, and T. Mergner
31. Sensory and Motor Components of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in
Extrastriate Cortex: An fMRI Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213
S. A. Brandt, T. Takahashi, J. B. Reppas, R. Wenzel, A. Villringer,
A. M. Dale, and R. B. H. Tootell
32. Cortical Control of Sequences of Memory-Guided Saccades ................ 223
W. Heide, F. Binkofski, S. Posse, RJ. Seitz, D. Kompf, and H-J. Freund
33. Functional MRI of Double Step Saccades: The Role ofCingulate Cortex. . . . . . 235
R. M. Miiri, A. C. Nirkko, C. Ozdoba, P. Tobler, O. Heid, G. Schroth, and
C. W. Hess
34. Object Recognition and Goal-Directed Eye or Hand Movements Are Coupled
by Visual Attention ............................................ 241
Ingo Paprotta, Heiner Deubel, and Werner X. Schneider
35. Saccadic Inhibition in Complex Visual Tasks 249
Eyal M. Reingold and Dave M. Stampe
36. The Use of Coarse and Fine Peripheral Information during the Final Part of
Fixations in Scene Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 257
Martien Wampers and Paul M. J. van Diepen
37. Eye Movements during Free Search on a Homogenous Background 269
Ulrich Nies, Dieter Heller, Ralph Radach, and Birgit Bedenk
38. Is There Any Need for Eye-Movement Recordings during Reasoning? 279
W. Schroyens, W. Schaeken, W. Fias, and G. d'Ydewalie
39. A New Way of Looking at Auditory Linguistic Comprehension. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 287
Brooke Hallowell
x Contents
40. Eye Movement-Based Memory Assessment ............................. 293
Robert Althoff, Neal 1. Cohen, George McConkie, Stanley Wasserman,
Michael Maciukenas, Razia Azen, and Lorene Romine
41. Visual and Verbal Focus Patterns when Describing Pictures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
J. HolSanova, B. Hedberg, and N. Nilsson
42. Visual Attention towards Gestures in Conversation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Kenneth Holmqvist and Marianne Gullberg
43. Modelling Experiential and Task Effects on Attentional Processes in Symmetry
Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 309
C. Latimer, W. Joung, R. van der Zwan, and H. Beh
44. Eye Movements while Viewing a Foreign Movie with Subtitles 313
Mariko Takeda
45. Difference of Shape Constancy in Upper and Lower Visual Fields 317
Takahiro Yamanoi, Kazuya Kubo, and Hiroshi Takayanagi
46. Occurrence and Function of Very Short Fixation Durations in Reading. . . . . . . . 321
Ralph Radach, Dieter Heller, and Albrecht Inhoff
47. The Planning of Successive Saccades in Letter Strings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Cecile Beauvillain, Tania Dukic, and Dorine Vergilino
48. Eye Movements in Reading: Are Two Eyes Better Than One? .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 341
Dieter Heller and Ralph Radach
49. The Return Sweep in Reading ........................................ 349
Jorg Hofmeister, Dieter Heller, and Ralph Radach
50. Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects in Reading and Word Recognition ... . . . . . . . . .. 359
Alan Kennedy
51. Fixation Control and Antisaccades in Dyslexia ........................... 369
Monica Biscaldi, Stefan Gezeck, and Burkhart Fischer
52. Relationship between Visual Attention and Saccade Target Selection in Reading 375
Karine Dore and Cecile Beauvillain
53. Reading: Influence of Letter Size, Display Quality, and Anticipation. . . . . . . . .. 379
C. C. Krischer, 1. Zihl, and R. Meissen
54. Eye Movement Deficits in Cerebellar Disease 383
U. Buttner
55. Three-Dimensional Properties of Saccadic Eye Movements in Patients with
Cerebellar Ataxia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 391
M. Fetter, D. Anastasopoulos, and T. Haslwanter
