Table Of ContentCurrent Developments
in Biotechnology and
Bioengineering
Smart Solutions for Wastewater:
Road-mapping the Transition
to Circular Economy
Edited by
Giorgio Mannina
Engineering Department, Palermo University, Palermo, Italy
Ashok Pandey
Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Sustainability Cluster, School
of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India;
Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ranjna Sirohi
Department of Food Technology, School of Health Sciences, University
of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Current Developments
in Biotechnology and
Bioengineering
Series Editor
Ashok Pandey
Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-
Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering,
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Contents
Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
1. Introduction to smart solutions for wastewater:
Road-mapping the transition to circular economy 1
Giorgio Mannina, Dario Presti, Ashok Pandey, Herman Helness,
Ranjna Sirohi, Jacek Mąkinia
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Water-smart solutions to enhance the transition to circular
economy 5
1.3 Conclusions and perspectives 7
Acknowledgments 8
References 8
2. Treatment and disposal of sewage sludge from
wastewater in a circular economy perspective 11
Giorgio Mannina, Lorenzo Barbara, Alida Cosenza, Zhiwei Wang
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 European laws 13
2.3 SS management 17
2.4 SS reuse 20
2.5 Conclusions and perspectives 26
Acknowledgements 26
References 26
3. Integration of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production
into urban wastewater treatment plants 31
Dario Presti, María Eugenia Suárez-Ojeda, Giorgio Mannina
3.1 Introduction 31
v
vi Contents
3.2 PHAs: biobased and biodegradable alternative
to plastics 32
3.3 A circular economy approach: PHA production integrated
into WWTPs 36
3.4 A detailed view of the independent PEs for PHA production
by using MMCs 37
3.5 PHAs extraction from microbial cells (PE4) 45
3.6 Economic sustainability of PHAs production process 50
3.7 Conclusions and perspectives 51
Acknowledgments 52
References 53
4. Production of volatile fatty acids from sewage
sludge fermentation 61
Dario Presti, Bing-Jie Ni, Giorgio Mannina
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Biological mechanism and strategies for VFA production
from sewage sludge 62
4.3 Trends and innovations in VFA production from
sewage sludge 74
4.4 Final applications of sludge-derived VFA and
economic evaluation 82
4.5 Conclusions and perspectives 85
Acknowledgments 86
References 86
5. Zeolites for the nutrient recovery from wastewater 95
Sofia Maria Muscarella, Luigi Badalucco, Vito Armando Laudicina,
Giorgio Mannina
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Structure and chemical composition of zeolites 96
5.3 Natural zeolites and synthetic zeolites 99
Contents vii
5.4 Applications of zeolites 102
5.5 Use of zeolite for nutrients recovery 104
5.6 Conclusions and perspectives 109
Acknowledgments 110
References 110
6. Wastewater treatment sludge composting 115
Sofia Maria Muscarella, Luigi Badalucco, Vito Armando Laudicina,
Zhiwei Wang, Giorgio Mannina
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Legislation about sewage sludge 116
6.3 Sewage sludge composting 122
6.4 Conclusions and perspectives 131
Acknowledgments 132
References 132
7. Advances in technologies for sewage sludge
management 137
Giorgio Mannina, Lorenzo Barbara, Alida Cosenza, Bing-Jie Ni
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 Technologies in water treatment line 139
7.3 Technologies in sludge treatment line 143
7.4 Evaluation and maturity of technologies for reducing
sludge production 149
7.5 Sludge characterization to optimize the dewatering
process 150
7.6 Conclusions and perspectives 151
Acknowledgements 151
References 151
viii Contents
8. Energy and valuable organic products recovery from
anaerobic processes 157
Ewa Zaborowska, Mojtaba Maktabifard, Xiang Li, Xianbao Xu,
Jacek Mąkinia
8.1 Introduction 157
8.2 Energy balance in wastewater treatment plants and
potential energy recovery 158
8.3 Potential valuable products recovery 161
8.4 Anaerobic processes focused on liquid products recovery 162
8.5 Anaerobic digestion (AD) processes focused on gaseous
products recovery 164
8.6 Processes enhancing energy and valuable organic
products recovery 169
8.7 Conclusions and perspectives 176
References 176
9. Life-cycle assessment for resource recovery facilities
in the wastewater sector 183
Sofía Estévez, María Teresa Moreira, Gumersindo Feijoo
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Life-cycle analysis (LCA) as an environmental impact
assessment methodology 185
9.3 Environmental diagnosis of the different alternatives
based on the environmental outcomes 207
9.4 Conclusions and perspectives 214
Acknowledgements 215
References 215
10. Water reuse in the frame of circular economy 221
Jiří Wanner, Martin Srb, Ondřej Beneš
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 Legal framework of water reuse 223
Contents ix
10.3 Worldwide used national water reuse guidelines
and regulations 225
10.4 National water reuse guidelines and regulations in
selected EU countries 226
10.5 Drivers for water reuse: water resources scarcity and
climate change; increasing quality and prize of drinking
water; water reuse as a natural part of circular economy 236
10.6 Circular economy and water resources 242
10.7 Barriers of water reuse 242
10.8 Processes of recycled water production from effluents
of municipal WWTPS 251
10.9 Examples of successful water reuse projects in Europe 256
10.10 Conclusions and perspectives 261
Acknowledgments 262
References 262
11. Governance factors influencing the scope for circular
water solutions 267
Sigrid Damman, Henrik Brynthe Lund, Tuukka Mäkitie,
Giorgio Mannina, Gordon Akon-Yamga, Jiří Wanner
11.1 Introduction 267
11.2 Toward a new paradigm 268
11.3 Perceived governance challenges 269
11.4 A multilevel approach 270
11.5 Main drivers and barriers in the studied cases 273
11.6 Contextual interactions and need for new
governance perspectives 279
11.7 Conclusions and perspectives 286
Acknowledgments 287
Appendix: List of abbreviations 287
References 288
