Table Of ContentCurrent Developments in
Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Resource Recovery from Wastes
Edited by
Sunita Varjani
Ashok Pandey
Edgard Gnansounou
Samir Kumar Khanal
Sindhu Raveendran
Elsevier
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Contributors
Tapan Kumar Adhya School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology,
Bhubaneswar, India
Ankush Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of
Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
Robin Bahuguna Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of
Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
J. Rajesh Banu Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli,
India
Mansi Bhatt Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility,
CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, India
Parameswaran Binod Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for
Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, India
Debajyoti Bose Department of Electrical, Power & Energy, School of Engineering, University of
Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Avantika Chandra Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Center of Mining Environment, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of
Mines), Dhanbad, India
Hirok Chaudhuri Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Department of Physics, National
Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
C.R. Cheeseman Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London,
London, United Kingdom
Chuan Chen State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of
Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
Abhijit Dave Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility,
CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, India
G. Saradha Devi Department of Chemical Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, India
Myilsamy Dineshkumar Department of Petrochemical Engineering, SVS College of Engineering,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Tenzin Dolker Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh,
Dharamshala, India
xix
Contributors
Luc´ılia Domingues CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar,
Braga, Portugal
Shane Donatello Eduardo Torroja Institute of Construction Sciences, Department of Cement and
Materials Recycling, Madrid, Spain
Brahm Dutt Department of Chemical Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, India
Le Fang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
Bo Fu Lab of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
Anand Giri School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, India
Edgard Gnansounou Bioenergy and Energy Planning Research Group, IIC, ENAC, Ecole Poly-
technique Fe´de´rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
M. Gopinath Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of
Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
M. Gunasekaran Department of Physics, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
Hongxiao Guo Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management,
Sanitary Engineering Section, Delft University of Technology, CN Delft, the Netherlands
Pratishtha Gupta Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Center of Mining Environment, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of
Mines), Dhanbad, India
Nidhi Joshi Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals
Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
R. Yukesh Kannah Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus,
Tirunelveli, India
Keikhosro Karimi Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology,
Isfahan, Iran; Industrial Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering,
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Kashyap Kumar Dubey Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology,
Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
S. Kavitha Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli,
India
Samir Khanal Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at
Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
Khushboo Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University
of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
Sang-Hyoun Kim School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
Gopalakrishnan Kumar Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
xx
Contributors
Madhava Anil Kumar Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine
Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
N. Manoj Kumar Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute
of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
Vipin Kumar Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and
Engineering, Center of Mining Environment, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of
Mines), Dhanbad, India
Duu-Jong Lee Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Jiang-Shan Li Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
Yajie Li School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and
Technology, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
Hongbo Liu Lab of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
He Liu Lab of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
M. Estefan´ıa Lo´pez Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft
Institute for Water Education, AX Delft, the Netherlands
Mrinal Kanti Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Durgapur, India
Sabapathy Manigandan Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Ropar, Punjab, India
Michele Michelin CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar,
Braga, Portugal
Safoora Mirmohamadsadeghi Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of
Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Kalpana Mody Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chem-
icals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
P. Mullai Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai
University, Annamalai Nagar, India
C. Muthukumaran Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology,
Coimbatore, India
Ramkumar B. Nair Mycorena AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
Ekambaram Nakkeeran Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara
College of Engineering (Autonomous), Sriperumbudur, India
Supriya Pal Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Ashok Pandey Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxi-
cology Research, Lucknow, India
xxi
Contributors
Deepak Pant School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, India
Chi Sun Poon Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
K.S. Rajmohan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Warangal, Telangana, India
Rupa Rani Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engi-
neering, Center of Mining Environment, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines),
Dhanbad, India
Ravichandran Rathna Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara
College of Engineering (Autonomous), Sriperumbudur, India
Ritika Rawat Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Petro-
leum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Lopamudra Ray School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhuba-
neswar, India; School of Law, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
Eldon R. Rene Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft
Institute for Water Education, AX Delft, the Netherlands
Cr´ıstina M.R. Rocha CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus
Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
Aloia Roman´ı CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar,
Braga, Portugal
Gopalakrishnan Sarojini Department of Petrochemical Engineering, SVS College of Engineering,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Muthulingam Seenuvasan Department of Chemical Engineering Hindusthan College of Engineering
and Technology, Coimbatore, India
Virbala Sharma School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh,
India
G. Sharmila Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coim-
batore, India
Raveendran Sindhu Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for
Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, India
V.M. Sivakumar Department of Chemical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore, India
S. Srinath Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal,
Telangana, India
Jose´ A. Teixeira CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar,
Braga, Portugal
Shabnam Thakur School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh,
India
xxii
Contributors
M. Thirumarimurugan Department of Chemical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore, India
Daniel C.W. Tsang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Poly-
technic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
T.M. Mohamed Usman Department of Civil Engineering, PET Engineering College, Tirunelveli,
India
Zeba Usmani Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and
Engineering, Center of Mining Environment, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines),
Dhanbad, India
S. Vaishnavi SASTRAUniversity, Thanjavur, India
Sunita Varjani Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, India
P. Vijay Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum &
Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
S. Vishali Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, India
Qiming Wang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
Xi-Jun Xu State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
Harshit Yadav Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Petro-
leum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Karuna Yadav Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central
University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
M.K. Yogeswari Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India
Jie Zhang Lab of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
xxiii
Preface
Thebook titledResourceRecovery fromWastesisa partof thecomprehensiveseries
onCurrent Developmentsin Biotechnology& Bioengineering (Editor-in-Chief: Ashok
Pandey).The bookisdevotedtoindustrialand environmentalaspectsof wastemanagement
for sustainabledevelopment witheconomic potential ofvarious solidand liquidswastesfor
the recovery offuelsand chemicals.
Theworld iswitnessingan increasein urbanizationandindustrializationdueto the
consumeristculture arisingfrompopulationgrowth.Thedomestic and industrial sectors
continuouslygeneratehuge amounts ofwastesatanalarmingrateandusuallydispose the
wastewithout propertreatmentandmanagement.Thesewastesare oftentoxic,complex,
and nondegradable, being harmful tothe bioticcomponents ofthe ecosystem.The
generationofwastescauses wastemanagementcrises incitiesglobally. To resolve this
hazard,a suitabletechnologythat treats thewastesand generatesvalueadditionwould be a
promising option. Thishas ledtothe development ofthe concept ofresource recovery for
wastetowealth orwaste toenergyprinciplesfor theproductionoffuelsandchemicals and
for nutrientsrecovery, inparticular. Underthisapproach, biorefinery conceptscouldbe a
key element fora transitiontothecirculareconomy. Throughthe development ofintegrated
and multifunctional processes,biomassand wastescanbe exploitedand usedfor
manufacturing ofmarketableintermediates and end products.Efficient technologiesallow
the suitablefractionationof lignocellulosicbiomasstoproduce multipleproducts.A
prerequisitefor thedesign ofsuch bioprocesses depends oneconomic feasibilityinparallel
with environmentalsustainability demonstrated bylower carbonfootprint.
Lignocellulosicbiomass, generatedfrom agricultural crops,couldbe usedas sourceof
energyvia combustion for heatproduction orcan beconvertedtovariousformsofbiofuels,
employing conversion methodssuch as(a) thermal,(b)chemical,and(c) biochemical.Fuel
valuesofsuch biomass aregoverned byintrinsic and extrinsicproperties such ascellulose/
lignin ratio, calorific value, moisturecontent,ash/residuecontent,fixedcarbonamount,
alkalimetal content,and volatilefraction. Solidwastes,includingmunicipal solidwastes
and wastewaters generatedfrom industrialactivities,could also beeventually used for
resource recovery informoffuels, chemicals,nutrients,etc.
xxv
Preface
Topicscoveredin thisbookincludean introduction toresourcerecovery from wastes;
methane production and recovery from wastewater; sustainable approach towastewater
treatment and bioelectricitygeneration using microbialfuelcells;biohydrogen production
from industrialwastewater; bioflocculated industrialwastewaterfor ameliorating
bioflocculant production;recovery ofvolatilefattyacids from sewage sludge through
anaerobic fermentation;valorizationoffoodwaste forthe production offuelsand
chemicals;foodwastevalorizationforbiopolymerproduction; approaches forrecovering
bio-based productsfrom municipal and industrialwastes;resource recoveryfrom inert
municipal waste;municipal solidwastetoclean energysystem:phosphorus recovery and
reuseas fertilizer from incineratedsewagesludge ash;gold recoveryfrom electronic wastes;
metalsextractionfrom wastebutton cellbattery;biological treatmentfor the recoveryof
mineralsfrom low-gradeores energy; nutrientand waterresource recovery from agriculture
andaquaculturewastes;recovery ofsilicafrom rice straw and husk; energyrecovery from
biomass using gasification; and valorizationoflignocellulosic-based wastes and perspectives
onbio-oil recoveryfrom plasticwaste.
Thebookprovides latestdevelopmentsin biotechnological and bioengineering options
pertainingtorecovery ofvariousresourcesfrom industrial, municipal,agricultural,andfood
wastes,as wellaswastewaters.Allthe chapters included inthe bookprovidestate-of-art
information onsubjectmatter;potentialadvantagesand limitationsonresource recovery
from variouswasteshavebeen discussed and the strategiestoovercomethelimitationsare
proposed. The bookwillserve asusefulguideto determine the priority areas ofcurrent
research insolidand liquidwastetreatment and managementfor environmentaland
economic sustainability.
We highly appreciatethe excellentwork done bythe authors incompiling therelevant
information ondifferentaspectsofresource recovery from wastes,which webelievewill be
very usefulto thescientificcommunity. Wegratefullyacknowledge the reviewers for their
valuablecomments,whichhelped inimprovingthescientificcontentof various chapters.
We thank Elsevierteam comprisingDr.KostasMarinakis,SeniorBookAcquisition Editor,
Theresa Yannetty, Editorial Project Manager, James Selvam,ProductionManagerand the
entireproduction team for theirsupport inthe publicationofthisbook.
Editors
SunitaVarjani
AshokPandey
Edgard Gnansounou
SamirKhanal
Sindhu Raveendran
xxvi
