Table Of ContentCurrent Developments
in Biotechnology and
Bioengineering
Photobioreactors: Design and Applications
Editors
Ranjna Sirohi
School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and
Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Ashok Pandey
Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology
Research, Lucknow, India & Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University
of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
Sang Jun Sim
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
Jo-Shu Chang
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung,
Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University,
Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung
University, Tainan, Taiwan
Duu-Jong Lee
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;
Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon
Tong, Hong Kong
Current Developments
in Biotechnology and
Bioengineering
Series Editor:
Professor Ashok Pandey
Centre for Innovation and Translational Research
CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
Lucknow, India
&
Sustainability Cluster
School of Engineering
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
Dehradun, India
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Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xv
Section I General & design considerations 1
1. Photobioreactors: An introduction 3
Ranjna Sirohi, Sang Jun Sim, Ashok Pandey
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Types of photobioreactors 4
1.3 Factors affecting microalgae productivity
in photobioreactors 5
1.4 Modeling and simulation of photobioreactors 6
1.5 Applications of photobioreactors 6
1.6 Conclusions and perspectives 8
References 8
2. Design and scale-up of photobioreactors 11
Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja, Sutha Shobana, Menghour Huy,
Ann Kristin Vatland, Veeramuthu Ashokkumar,
Gopalakrishnan Kumar
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Microalgae cultivation scaling-up process 12
2.3 Photobioreactor (PBR) design and its scalability principles 13
2.4 Challenges 26
2.5 Conclusions and perspectives 27
References 28
v
vi Contents
3. Types of photobioreactors 33
Yoong Kit Leong, Jo-Shu Chang, Duu-Jong Lee
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Vertical column photobioreactors 34
3.3 Horizontal tubular photobioreactors (HT-PBRs) 39
3.4 Flat plate photobioreactors (FP-PBRs) 43
3.5 Flat panel-airlift photobioreactors (FPA-PBRs) 47
3.6 Plastic bag photobioreactors (PB-PBRs) 48
3.7 Taylor vortex photobioreactors (TV-PBRs) 49
3.8 Torus photobioreactors (T-PBRs) 50
3.9 Internally illuminated photobioreactor (II-PBRs) 50
3.10 Other innovative photobioreactors 51
3.11 Conclusions and perspectives 52
References 53
4. Factors affecting the microalgal biomass productivity
in photobioreactors 59
S. Deepak Mohan Reddy, N. Deepika, Meghana Reddy Dropathi,
S. Vishwanutha, J. Dhanish Daaman, C. Nagendranatha Reddy,
Rajasri Yadavalli
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Factors influencing the general productivity in
photobioreactors (PBR) 60
4.3 Factors influencing the process scale-up 73
4.4 Conclusions and perspectives 78
Acknowledgment 79
References 79
5. Photobioreactors modeling and simulation 89
Eva M. Salgado, José C.M. Pires
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Stoichiometry and kinetics of microalgal growth 90
Contents vii
5.3 Photobioreactor modeling 100
5.4 Photobioreactor simulation 110
5.5 Conclusions and perspective 112
Acknowledgements 113
References 113
6. Photobioreactors for microalgae-based
wastewater treatment 121
Dillirani Nagarajan, Chun-Yen Chen, Duu-Jong Lee, Jo-Shu Chang
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Phycoremediation potential of microalgae—assimilatory
nutrients removal 122
6.3 Open systems for microalgae-based wastewater treatment 124
6.4 Closed photobioreactors for microalgae-based
wastewater treatment 130
6.5 Conclusions and perspectives 143
References 144
Section II Applications of photobioreactors 153
7. High-density microalgal biomass production in
internally illuminated photobioreactors 155
Hee-Sik Kim, Dae-Hyun Cho, Jin-Ho Yun
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 General rules for the design and operation of internally
illuminated photobioreactor 158
7.3 Design and demonstration of internally illuminated
photobioreactors 162
7.4 Opportunities for photobioreactor with
internal illumination 170
7.5 Conclusions and perspectives 172
Acknowledgements 174
References 174
viii Contents
8. The application of cyanobacteria in photobioreactors 177
Congying Zhang, Yi Wu, Ruibing Peng
8.1 Introduction 177
8.2 Cyanobacteria 178
8.3 Applications of cyanobacteria 184
8.4 Controlling cultivation of cyanobacteria 186
8.5 Use of cyanobacteria in a photobioreactor 190
8.6 Conclusions and perspectives 197
Authors’ contributions 199
References 199
9. Cultivation of diatoms in photobioreactors 207
Thomas Kiran Marella, Archana Tiwari
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 Physiological and biotechnological advantages of diatoms 207
9.3 Growing diatom in large-scale culture systems 208
9.4 Selection of bioreactors and their design 210
9.5 Factors influencing diatom productivity in PBR systems 214
9.6 Conclusions and perspectives 220
References 221
10. Photobioreactor systems for production of astaxanthin
from microalgae 229
Young Joon Sung, Jaemin Joun, Byung Sun Yu, Sang Jun Sim
10.1 Introduction 229
10.2 Photobioreactor (PBR) systems 231
10.3 Conclusions and perspectives 240
Acknowledgements 243
References 243
Contents ix
11. Production of biopolymers in photobioreactors 247
Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa, Gabriel Martins da Rosa,
Suelen Goettems Kuntzler, Ana Gabrielle Pires Alvarenga,
Michele Greque de Morais
11.1 Introduction 247
11.2 Biopolymers from microalgae 248
11.3 Upstream and downstream factors that maximize
microalgal biopolymer production 252
11.4 Photobioreactors used to produce biopolymers 255
11.5 Conclusions and perspectives 259
Acknowledgements 260
References 260
12. Production of biohydrogen in photobioreactors 269
Quanguo Zhang, Zhiping Zhang, Huan Zhang, Yameng Li
12.1 Introduction 269
12.2 Biohydrogen production in photobioreactor 271
12.3 Operation parameters of photobioreactor in the
biohydrogen production process 274
12.4 Light-heat-mass transfer properties of photobioreactor
during biohydrogen production process 280
12.5 Cases of typical photobioreactors adopted in biohydrogen
production process 283
12.6 Conclusions and perspectives 295
Acknowledgements 296
References 296
Index 301
