Curren t Anthropology

272 Pages·2012·4.59 MB·English

Forthcoming Current Anthropology Wenner-Gren Symposium C Current
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Human Biology and the Origins of Homo. Susan Antón and Leslie C. Aiello, t
A Anthropology
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The Anthropology of Potentiality: Exploring the Productivity of the
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Practices. Karen-Sue Taussig and Klaus Hoeyer, eds. o
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THE WENNER-GREN SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Previously Published Supplementary Issues
A THE BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF LIVING HUMAN
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Working Memory: Beyond Language and Symbolism. Thomas Wynn and il POPULATIONS: WORLD HISTORIES, NATIONAL STYLES,
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Frederick L. Coolidge, eds. 0 AND INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS
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2
Engaged Anthropology: Diversity and Dilemmas. Setha M. Low and Sally
GUEST EDITORS: SUSAN LINDEE AND RICARDO VENTURA SANTOS
Engle Merry, eds.
The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations
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Corporate Lives: New Perspectives on the Social Life of the Corporate Form. o Contexts and Trajectories of Physical Anthropology in Brazil
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Damani Partridge, Marina Welker, and Rebecca Hardin, eds. m Birth of Physical Anthropology in Late Imperial Portugal
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Norwegian Physical Anthropology and a Nordic Master Race
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The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas. T. Douglas Price and Ofer 3
The Ainu and the Search for the Origins of the Japanese
Bar-Yosef, eds.
Isolates and Crosses in Human Population Genetics
S Practicing Anthropology in the French Colonial Empire, 1880–1960
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p Physical Anthropology in the Colonial Laboratories of the United States
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l Humanizing Evolution
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Human Population Biology in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
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t Internationalizing Physical Anthropology

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Biological Anthropology at the Southern Tip of Africa
The Origins of Anthropological Genetics
Current Anthropologyissponsoredby The Beyond the Cephalic Index
Wenner-GrenFoundation for Anthropological Anthropology and Personal Genomics
Research,a foundation endowedfor scientific,
Biohistorical Narratives of Racial Difference in the American Negro
educational, and charitablepurposes. The
Foundation, however,isnotto beunderstood as Pa An Anthropology of Repatriation
g
endorsing,byvirtueof itsfinancialsupport, anyof e Ethical Issues in Human Population Biology
thestatementsmade, or viewsexpressed,herein. s
S Genomics, Anthropology, and Construction of Whiteness as Property
1
– Old Bones, New Powers
S
2
An Interview: Studying Mandela’s Children
6
6
0011-3204(201204)53:2+5;1-P
Sponso red by the Wenne r-Gren Foundation for Anth ropologic al Rese arch
T HE U N I V E R S IT Y O F C H I CA G O P R E SS
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Current Anthropology
Volume 53 Supplement 5 April 2012
The Biological Anthropology of Living Human
Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and
International Networks
Leslie C. Aiello
The Biological Anthropology of Living Human
Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and
International Networks: Wenner-Gren Symposium
Supplement 5 S1
Introduction
Susan Lindee and Ricardo Ventura Santos
The Biological Anthropology of Living Human
Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and
International Networks: An Introduction to Supplement 5 S3
Anthropology and National Identity
Ricardo Ventura Santos
Guardian Angel on a Nation’s Path: Contexts and
Trajectories of Physical Anthropology in Brazil in the Late
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries S17
Gon¸calo Santos
The Birth of Physical Anthropology in Late Imperial
Portugal S33
Jon Røyne Kyllingstad
Norwegian Physical Anthropology and the Idea of a
Nordic Master Race S46
Morris Low
Physical Anthropology in Japan: The Ainu and the Search
for the Origins of the Japanese S57
The View from the Centers: Germany, France,
United States
Veronika Lipphardt
Isolates and Crosses in Human Population Genetics; or, A
Contextualization of German Race Science S69
Emmanuelle Sibeud
A Useless Colonial Science? Practicing Anthropology in
the French Colonial Empire, circa 1880–1960 S83
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CA
Warwick Anderson
Racial Hybridity, Physical Anthropology, and Human
Biology in the Colonial Laboratories of the United States S95
Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis
Humanizing Evolution: Anthropology, the Evolutionary
Synthesis, and the Prehistory of Biological Anthropology,
1927–1962 S108
Michael A. Little
Human Population Biology in the Second Half of the
Twentieth Century S126
Clark Spencer Larsen and Leslie Lea Williams
Internationalizing Physical Anthropology: A View of the
Study of Living Human Variation from the Pages of the
American Journal of Physical Anthropology S139
A Global Form of Reason
Alan G. Morris
Biological Anthropology at the Southern Tip of Africa:
Carrying European Baggage in an African Context S152
Jonathan Marks
The Origins of Anthropological Genetics S161
Perrin Selcer
Beyond the Cephalic Index: Negotiating Politics to
Produce UNESCO’s Scientific Statements on Race S173
G´ısli Pa´lsson
Decode Me! Anthropology and Personal Genomics S185
Collecting and Contested Ownership
Rachel J. Watkins
Biohistorical Narratives of Racial Difference in the
American Negro: Notes toward a Nuanced History of
American Physical Anthropology S196
Ann M. Kakaliouras
An Anthropology of Repatriation: Contemporary Physical
Anthropological and Native American Ontologies of
Practice S210
Trudy R. Turner
Ethical Issues in Human Population Biology S222
Jenny Reardon and Kim TallBear
“Your DNA Is Our History”: Genomics, Anthropology,
and the Construction of Whiteness as Property S233
New Powers: Biological Anthropology and the
Persistence of History
Jean-Fran¸cois V´eran
Old Bones, New Powers S246
Joanna Radin and Noel Cameron
Studying Mandela’s Children: Human Biology in Post-
Apartheid South Africa: An Interview with Noel Cameron S256
CurrentAnthropology Volume53,Supplement5,April2012
Letter from the President of the Wenner-Gren Foundation
We apologize to Dr. Martha Macintyre (University of Mel- with ethical and professional standards in all her work, in-
bourne) regardingarecentarticleintheWenner-GrenSym- cluding her work in relation to Porgera. Any suggestion to
posium Supplement 3,includedwiththeApril2011issueof the contrary was not the view of Current Anthropology.
Current Anthropology, that examined the role of anthropol-
ogists and other actors in the conflicts between indigenous
IpiliandthePorgeraJointVenturegoldmineinthehighlands
ofPapuaNewGuinea(Coumans2011).Thearticleincluded Literature Cited
errors about the work of Dr. Macintyre in relation to those
conflicts. Coumans,Catherine.2011.Occupyingspacescreatedbyconflict:anthropol-
It is appropriate to note that Dr. Macintyre has written ogists, development NGOs, responsibleinvestment,andmining.Current
Anthropology52(suppl.3):S29–S43.
extensively on questions of human rights in Papua New
Guinea,isthepastpresidentoftheAustralianAnthropology
Society,andisthecurrenteditorofitsjournal,TheAustralian LeslieC.Aiello
JournalofAnthropology.ItisalsoappropriatetonotethatDr. President, Wenner-Gren Foundation, and
Macintyre has informed us thatsheactedinfullcompliance Wenner-Gren Symposium Series Editor
DOI:10.1086/663289
CurrentAnthropology Volume53,Supplement5,April2012 S1
The Biological Anthropology of Living Human
Populations: World Histories, National
Styles, and International Networks
Wenner-Gren Symposium Supplement 5
by Leslie C. Aiello
The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations: of the field in its “core” areas of France, Germany, and the
WorldHistories,NationalStyles,andInternationalNetworksis United States, where it first appeared in thenineteenthcen-
the fifth Wenner-Gren Symposium to be published as an tury. There are also case studies in areas to which it subse-
open-access supplement of Current Anthropology. The sym- quentlyspread:Brazil,Portugal,Norway,Japan,Iceland,and
posium was organized by M. Susan Lindee (University of South Africa. Crosscutting topics include racism and the
Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) and Ricardo Ventura Santos (Museu changing concept of race, the relationship between coloni-
Nacional & Fundac¸a˜o Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil) and was held alism, imperialism, and physical anthropology, and the ten-
March5–12,2010,attheHotelRosadosVentos,Tereso´polis, sion between biological and social adaptation as applied to
Brazil (fig. 1). humans.Amajorthemeisthecollectionofhumanbiological
ThereareinterrelatedandcompellingreasonsforWenner- materials and the changing and evolving quandaries sur-
Gren interest in this symposium. As Lindee and Santosem- rounding these collections and their repatriation over time,
phasizeintheirintroduction(LindeeandSantos2012),mod- anissuethathasbeenexacerbatedbythe“molecularization”
ern biological anthropologists, and particularly human ofbiologicalanthropology.LindeeandSantos(2012)describe
biologists, are generally embarrassed by the history of their biological anthropological collections as flash points forun-
disciplineandrarelyhaveaninterestindelvingintoit.Rather, derstanding the discipline, arguing that they play a pivotal
most see themselves as the scientific wing of anthropology, roleintheconstructionofmodernethnic,national,andglobal
with little to learn from the past or from research less than
identitiesandatthesametimeareshapingwhatitmeansto
adecadeorsoold,leavingthehistorytohistoriansofscience.
be a biological anthropologist today.
Accompanyingthislackofinterestisanapparentabsenceof
Past Wenner-Gren symoposia have addressed human bi-
appreciation for the rich diversity in internationalbiological
ology(e.g.,BakerandWeiner1966),andparticularlythein-
anthropology and the development of these varied orienta-
terrelationships between biological and cultural adaptation
tions and approaches.
(e.g., Goodman and Leatherman 1998; Harrison and Boyce
The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations
1972;SwedlundandArmelagos1990),andtheriseofgenetic
is intended to provide an easily accessible resource to help
approachestothediscipline(e.g.,Goodman,Heath,andLin-
remedythissituation.ItbuildsonthepriorsuccessofWorld
dee 2003; Spuhler 1967). However, the current collection is
Anthropologies:DisciplinaryTransformationswithinSystemsof
auniqueinitiativeinaddressingboththepastandthepresent
Power(RibeiroandEscobar2006),whichgrewoutofa2003
of internationalbiologicalanthropology.Thestrongmessage
Wenner-Gren Symposium of the same name, looking at the
emerging from these papers is that biological anthropology
interconnectedglobalhistoricaltrajectoriesinaspectsofsocial
has been entwined with politics throughout its history but
anthropology. Papers in the currentsupplementaryissueare
hasevolvedinprofoundwaysoverthepastcenturyandcon-
writtenbyanthropologists,historiansofscience,andscholars
tinuestodoso.Aclearknowledgeofitsvariedinternational
ofsciencestudiesandaddresstheinternationaldevelopment
historiesisessentialtounderstandingthedilemmasconfront-
of the discipline as well as its contemporary condition and
ing the modern field and its potential future trajectories.
potential future development.
The Wenner-Gren Foundation is always looking for in-
Papers included in this collection cover the development
novative new directions for future Foundation-sponsored
and -organized symposium meetings and eventual CA pub-
lication. We encourage anthropologists to contact us with
Leslie C. Aiello is President of the Wenner-Gren Foundation for
AnthropologicalResearch(470ParkAvenueSouth,8thFloorNorth, their ideas for future meetings. InformationabouttheWen-
NewYork,NewYork10016,U.S.A.). ner-Gren Foundation and the Symposium program can be
(cid:2)2012byTheWenner-GrenFoundationforAnthropologicalResearch.Allrightsreserved.0011-3204/2012/53S5-0001$10.00.DOI:10.1086/663328
S2 CurrentAnthropology Volume53,Supplement5,April2012
Figure 1. Participants in the symposium “The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations: World Histories, National
Styles, and International Networks.” Seated, from left: Joanna Radin, Mike Little, Rachel Watkins, Ricardo VenturaSantos,Susan
Lindee,LeslieAiello,LaurieObbink(Wenner-Grenstaff).Standing,fromleft:MorrisLow,ClarkLarsen,Gonc¸aloSantos,Vassiliki
BettySmocovitis,AnnKakaliouras,WarwickAnderson,JennyReardon,Gı´sliPa´lsson,JonKyllingstad,TrudyTurner,PerrinSelcer,
JonathanMarks,AlanMorris,Jean-Franc¸oisVe´ran,NoelCameron.Notpictured:VeronikaLipphardt.Acolorversionofthisphoto
appears in the online edition of Current Anthropology.
found on the Foundation’s Website(http://wennergren.org/ Harrison,GeoffreyAinsworth,andAnthonyJ.Boyce,eds.1972.Thestructure
ofhumanpopulations.Oxford:Clarendon.
programs/international-symposia).
Lindee,Susan,andRicardoVenturaSantos.2012.Thebiologicalanthropology
of living human populations: world histories, national styles, and inter-
nationalnetworks:anintroductiontosupplement5.CurrentAnthropology
53(S5):S3–S16.
References Cited Ribeiro,GustavoLins,andArturoEscobar,eds.2006.Worldanthropologies:
disciplinary transformations within systems of power. Wenner-Gren Inter-
Baker,PaulT.,andJosephS.Weiner,eds.1966.Thebiologyofhumanadapt- nationalSymposiumSeries.Oxford:Berg.
ability.Oxford:Clarendon. Spuhler,J.N.,ed.1967.Geneticdiversityandhumanbehavior.VikingFund
Goodman,AlanH.,DeborahHeath,andMarySusanLindee.2003.Genetic SeriesinAnthropology,no.45(Wenner-GrenFoundationforAnthropo-
nature/culture.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress. logicalResearch).Chicago:Aldine.
Goodman,AlanH.,andThomasLeatherman,eds.1998.Buildinganewbio- Swedlund,AlanC.,andGeorgeT.Armelagos,eds.1990.Diseaseinpopulations
culturalsynthesis.AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress. intransition.NewYork:Bergin&Garvey.
CurrentAnthropology Volume53,Supplement5,April2012 S3
The Biological Anthropology of Living Human
Populations: World Histories, National
Styles, and International Networks
An Introduction to Supplement 5
by Susan Lindee and Ricardo Ventura Santos
WeintroduceaspecialissueofCurrentAnthropologydevelopedfromaWenner-GrensymposiumheldinTereso´polis,
Brazil,in2010thatwasaboutthepast,present,andfutureofbiologicalanthropology.Ourgoalwastounderstand
from a comparative international perspective the contexts of genesis and development of physical/biological an-
thropologyaroundtheworld.Whilebiologicalanthropologytodaycanencompasspaleoanthropology,primatology,
and skeletal biology, our symposium focused on the field’s engagement with living human populations. Bringing
togetherscholarsinthehistoryofscience,sciencestudies,andanthropology,theparticipantsexaminedthediscipline’s
past in different contexts but also reflected on its contemporary and future conditions. Our contributors explore
national histories, collections, and scientific field practice with the goal of developing a broader understanding of
the discipline’s history. Our work tracks a global, uneven transition from a typological and essentialist physical
anthropology,predominatinguntilthefirstdecadesofthetwentiethcentury,toabiologicalanthropologyinformed
bypostsynthesisevolutionismandtheriseofmolecularbiology,ashiftthatwaslabeled“newphysicalanthropology.”
We place biological anthropology in a broad historical context and suggest how the histories we document can
inform its future.
Weopenwithaconsiderationofbeingbothembarrassedand embarrassedaboutit.”Thathistoryisahistory,atleastpartly,
pregnant.1Asanyawkwardspeakerofaless-familiarlanguage of ideas about racial difference, which as hisembarrassment
knows, some words thatseem thesameacrosslanguagesare suggested produced an emotional state that silenced or ne-
infactamusingly(embarrassingly?)different.Oneexampleis gated certain questions.2
theSpanishwordembarazada,whichmeans“pregnant.”Wik- Graduatestudentsofsocialanthropologyaregenerallyex-
ipediacallstheword“afalsefriendforEnglish-speakingstu- pectedtoreadtheclassicsofanthropologicalthought—Tylor,
dents of Spanish who may attempt to say ‘I’membarrassed’ Morgan, Malinowski, Durkheim, Boas, Rivers,andRadcliffe
by saying ‘estoy embarazada.’” Webegantothinkaboutem- Brown—evenifsomeoftheideaspromotedbythesethinkers
barrassment—its ironies and its productivity—after the bi- have ceased to be seen as central to the field (Ingold 2002;
ological-anthropologist-turned-historian Michael A. Little, Kuklick 2008; Stocking 1968). Social anthropologistsareex-
oneofthekeyparticipantsinoursymposium,observedcan- pectedtoknowthehistoryof theirowndiscipline.ButPhD
didly during one session that when he first started teaching, studentsinbiologicalanthropologytodayareunlikelytoread
“I never talked about the history of my field, because I was
1. Embarasalsohasanevocativearchaicmeaningrelatingtoablocked
river, apassage preventedbydebris,orapointatwhichoneisforced
Susan Lindee is Professor in the Department of History and toslowdowntonavigatethewater.ItwasanAmericantermforplaces
Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania (Suite 303, wherethenavigationofriversisrendereddifficultbytheaccumulation
CohenHall,249South36thStreet,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104, ofdriftwood.Likethenineteenth-centuryblockedriver,theembarasthat
U.S.A. [[email protected]]). Ricardo Ventura Santos is barredthe passageofnavigationofrivers,embarrassmentisperhapsa
pointatwhichoneisforcedtoslowdown,navigate,andthinkcarefully
Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the
abouthowtomoveforward.
NationalMuseum,FederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,andSenior
2. Perhapsembarrassmentisacommonexperienceinanthropology:
Researcher at the National Schoolof PublicHealth,OswaldoCruz
Clyde Kluckhohn confessed to a “feeling of embarrassment” when he
Foundation (Escola Nacional de Sau´de Pu´blica/FIOCRUZ, Rua
read the field notes of his student David Schneider, who was working
LeopoldoBulho˜es1480,RiodeJaneiro,RJ21041-210,Brazil).This onthe islandsofYapin the 1940s, becausetheyweresopersonaland
paperwassubmitted27X10,accepted22IX11,andelectronically confessional (and because Schneider was a remarkably reflexive field-
published28II12. worker;seeBashkow1991).
(cid:2)2012byTheWenner-GrenFoundationforAnthropologicalResearch.Allrightsreserved.0011-3204/2012/53S5-0002$10.00.DOI:10.1086/663335
S4 CurrentAnthropology Volume53,Supplement5,April2012
theworksofnineteenth-centuryleadersinthefield—suchas inanageofInternalReviewBoards(IRBs),therecalibration
Samuel George Morton, Paul Broca, Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, of scientific race,repatriationrights,andmassiveglobalbio-
or Rudolph Virchow—or even to read twentieth-century banking systems.
physical anthropologists who were influential—such as Alesˇ Thinking about disciplinary embarrassment, we propose
Hrdlicˇka,E.A.Hooton,EugenFischer,ArthurKeith,Leonce here,canleadtoaproductiveawarenessofcomplexity,time-
Manouvrier, or Rudolf Martin.3 Indeed,anewgraduatestu- scales, and the legacies of social and political order: Little,
dent today in biological anthropology is more likely tostart onceembarrassedbythehistoryofhisfield,isnowaskilled
withtechnicaltraininginskeletalbiology,moleculargenetics, historian of biological anthropology (Little and Kennedy
or forensic science—the laboratory specialties grounded in 2010). And the mistranslation at the English-Spanish inter-
experimental technique that have become so central. section,ofembarrassmentinonelanguageandpregnancyin
In the United States in recent years, several departments theother,callstomindastateofbothconfusionandincipient
of biological anthropology (including Harvard’s) have been birth. We suggest here that the seed of something new is
reconstructed as freestanding departments of human evolu- growing, in this case new ways of seeing a history that has
tionarybiologynottiedtosocialanthropology,linguistics,or vexedbothhistoriansandpractitioners.Wehopeinthisvol-
archaeology—thatis,toanyformsofhumanisticanalysis(al- umetobegintoreconfigurethehistoryofbiologicalanthro-
though many others continue to maintainthefour-fieldap- pology as a resource for moving the field forward.
proach with varying levels of success and with mixed con- The papers collected in this special issue of Current An-
sequences for hiring and training; Borofsky 2005; Calcagno thropologyweredevelopedforaWenner-Grensymposiumthat
2003; Segal and Yanagisako 2005). Thetrainingofbiological was about the past, present,andfutureofbiologicalanthro-
anthropologists seems to often involve historical forgetting pology—“The Biological Anthropology of Living Human
and little contact with past ideas of the discipline they are Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and Interna-
entering. It has been a discipline with a historythatisoften tionalNetworks”—heldinTereso´polis,Brazil,inMarch2010.
purposivelydisappeared,forgottenforareason.Asoneofus, Ourgoalwastounderstandfromacomparativeinternational
Ricardo Ventura Santos, has recalled,atsomepointseeinga perspectivethecontextsofgenesisanddevelopmentofphys-
photoofhimselftakingheadmeasurementsintheearly1990s ical/biologicalanthropologyaroundtheworld.Whilebiolog-
withthetechnologiessolongassociatedwithracialnarratives ical anthropology today can encompass paleoanthropology,
of difference and pathology became for him,again,“embar- primatology,andskeletalbiology,oursymposiumfocusedon
rassing.”4Eveninthearcofhisowncareer,thatofabiological the field’s engagement with living human populations.
anthropologistwhowenttoworkinanaturalhistorymuseum Bringing together scholars in history of science, science
centrallyconcernedwithhistoryandwhohasbecomedeeply studies,andanthropology,westructuredourdiscussionsnot
interested in the history of the field over the past decades, onlytoexaminethediscipline’spastindifferentcontextsbut
these simple technologies of human measurement came to alsotoreflectonitscontemporaryandfutureconditions.Our
carry a conflicted and charged meaning. contributorshavebeenguidedthroughoutbyanexusofkey
Of course, just as the same bones and bloods can move questions about national histories, collections, and scientific
throughdifferentcontexts,theirmeaningvarying,theirpower fieldpractice.Particularlyrelevanttouswasthedevelopment
changing,sotoothesameactionscanmeandifferentthings: ofabroaderunderstandingofthediscipline’sglobal,uneven
Noel Cameron’s uses of human measurement in a birthco- transitionfromatypologicalandessentialistphysicalanthro-
hortstudyinpostapartheidSouthAfrica(exploredintheoral pology,predominatinguntilthefirstdecadesofthetwentieth
history that closes this volume) demonstrate the point. Se- century, to a biological anthropology informed by postsyn-
quencersandcaliperscoexistastoolsofthedisciplinetoday, thesis evolutionismandtheriseofmolecularbiology,ashift
and even questions about group differencesworkdifferently that was labeled “new physical anthropology” in a famous
1951 manifesto by Sherwood Washburn (Washburn 1951).
Washburn proposed that physical anthropology could now
3. ThisconclusionisbasedonasomewhatinformalsurveyofEnglish-
link the evolutionary synthesis to comparative functional
languagegraduatesyllabiinphysical/biologicalanthropologypostedon
the Web since about 2000. One thingisclear:whatcountsasphysical anatomy.Hepresentedthechangesasrevolutionary,abreak
anthropology varies a good deal, with some programs built entirely withanunfortunatepasttaintedbytypologicalracism.Phys-
aroundarchaeology, othersfocusedonforensictraining,andmanyon ical anthropology, he said, had to become evolutionary, and
humanevolution.ItisnotunusualforGeorgeStockingorStephenJay
adaptation,selection,andpopulationbiologyshouldbecome
Gouldtobeincludedasassignedreadingingraduatetraining,butreading
its central problematic (Haraway 1989).
theprimarysourcesintheiroriginalform,withtheexceptionofCharles
Darwin,islesscommon. If this transition to a new physicalanthropologyhasbeen
4. ThemeasurementswerepartofarestudyoftheXavanteIndians relatively well described in the cases of North America and
fromCentralBrazil(seeCoimbraetal.2002).Theinvestigationattempted ofcertainEuropeancontexts,thesamecouldnotbesaidfor
to collect some of the same bioanthropological variables collected by
other regions of the world. In some countries, such as the
JamesNeelandFranciscoSalzanoin1962inthesamepopulation(Neel
UnitedStates,this“newphysicalanthropology”continuedto
etal.1964),aimingatstudyinglong-termchangesinhumanbiologyand
health. be practiced in anthropology departments, while in other