Cumulative Author Index and Tables of Contents

248 Pages·1999·2.956 MB·ii-ix, 1-242\248

by  Robert Celotta and Thomas Lucatorto (Eds.)

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN
THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Robert Celotta and Thomas Lucatorto, Editors in Chief
Founding Editors
L. MARTON
C. MARTON
Volume 33
Cumulative Author Index
and Tables of Contents
Volumes 1-32
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PREFACE
The first volume of the series Methods ofExperirnentul Physics, the fore-
runner of the current series, was published in 1959 under the thoughtful
guidance of Series Editor Dr. Ladislaus Marton. Dr. Marton envisioned
the series as providing a helpful guide for the experimental physicist. The
original statement of editorial policy was very clear on the purpose of the
enterprise:
The experimental physicist-the person for whom this book
should be written-is normally a specialist, working in a relatively
narrow domain. He is presumed to know his own specialty very
well. In the course of his work, however, he is often confronted with
the necessity of using methods borrowed from neighboring fields,
with which he is less familiar. In such cases he may have to make a
literature search or ask advice from a specialist in the neighboring
field. The existence of a concise presentation of the most important
methods used in experimental physics would considerably simplify
the task.
The methods used may be purely experimental, but very often they
are partly theoretical or computational. They may be qualitative, or
may require the ultimate in accuracy. In an unfamiliar field, the
experimenter will need a guide to ways and means best adapted to his
own investigation.
Thus the book should be a concise, well-illustrated presentation
of the most important methods, or general principles, needed by the
experimenter, complete with basic references for further reading.
Indications of the limitations of both applicability and accuracy is an
important part of the presentation. Information about the interpreta-
tion of experiments, about the evaluation of errors, and about the
vii
...
Vlll PREFACE
validity of approximations should also be given. The book should
not be merely a description of laboratory techniques, nor should it be
a catalog of instruments.
These volumes should be written so as to be of value to all
research workers who use physical methods. Finally, the volumes
should be organized in such a way that they will provide essential
tools for graduate students in physics.
In the years that followed, Dr. Marton, assisted by his wife Claire
Marton, fulfilled this promise with great success. He worked tirelessly to
be sure that every important field was represented, that the most knowl-
edgeable editors and authors wrote for the series, and that the spirit of the
series, as stated above, was always maintained. Sometimes a topic would
require multiple volumes to provide complete coverage. In other cases,
the field was moving so rapidly that it was necessary to update the topic
in a subsequent volume. The Martons delighted at traveling to key scien-
tific meetings to seek out the most knowledgeable researchers and to con-
vince them of the importance to the field that they edit a volume or con-
tribute a chapter.
In 1983, Robert Celotta and Judah Levine became the Editors-in-Chief
for the series. Since 1993, Robert Celotta and Thomas Lucatorto have
served in that capacity. Changes have come to the scientific enterprise and
the series as well. In fact, science, as practiced today, has made the series
all the more valuable. It was always important to be able to understand
and utilize the accumulated knowledge of the neighboring discipline, but
today, when many of the best scientific opportunities lie at the boundaries
between disciplines, the value of guides, such as this series provides, is
greatly enhanced. We also live in a time when more emphasis is placed on
multidisciplinary teams working together to solve important, but very dif-
ficult, problems. Guides to the knowledge base and language of other dis-
ciplines are more useful than ever. Perhaps most important is the trend
toward scientific agility, that is, the requirement that scientists, over their
professional life, be capable of learning the methods of, and making con-
tributions to, fields different from their original training. Science is mak-
ing rapid gains, and consequently the areas seen to be most fertile, or per-
haps most worthy of support, are apt to change more rapidly than in the
past. A book designed to provide ready access to the important experi-
mental methods of a new field is exactly what is needed to help
researchers make the transition.
PREFACE ix
The increasingly rapid pace of technological development over the past
forty years has greatly reduced the migration time for measurement tech-
nology to leave the research laboratory and arrive in the industrial labora-
tory or the factory floor where it is extended and put to practical use.
Descriptions of the methods used in industry, along the lines set out for
this series, can be very useful to a wide variety of readers. Of course, it is
just what is needed by the new scientist or engineer beginning a career in
an industrial setting. It is also important to the university professor eager
to be able to contribute to the solution of a major technological problem.
Finally, the technology devised to make a commercial microelectronic
device may be the best, or even the only, way to produce the physical Sam-
ple needed to answer the most academic of questions for a basic
researcher. Because of the trends mentioned above, in 1996, the series title
was changed to Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences. It was
our intention to recognize that the information presented was not just of
interest to physicists but instead to a broad range of scientists and tech-
nologists.
As we head into the next millennium, we can reflect on the series cre-
ated by Dr. Marton to provide the essential tools for graduate students to
learn the important methods of related disciplines. Now extended to a
include broader range of readers and technologies, it is our hope and
desire that it continue to provide the technical community with an impor-
tant tool for achieving scientific and technological progress.
Robert 1. Celotta and Thomas Lucatorto. Washington, D.C.. 1998
VOLUME 1
CLASSICAL METHODS
Edited by lmmanuel Estermann
CONTRIBUTO..R.S.. ............................................ v
FOREWOR..D. ................................................ VII
PREFACTOE VOLUM1E . .......................................... IX
1. Evaluation of Measurement
SIDNERYE ED
1.1. General Rules ......................................... 1
1.2. Errors. ............................................... 2
1.3. Statistical Methods. ..................................... 3
1.4. Direct Measurements .................................... 6
1.5. Indirect Measurement .................................. 12
1.6. Errors of Computation .................................. 19
Appendix1 ............................................... 22
2 . Fundamental Units and Constants
E . RICHARCDO HEN
2.1. Systems of Units ...................................... 25
2.2. Definition of the Fundamental Units ....................... 27
2.3. Fundamental Constants ................................. 35
2.4. Determination of Best Values ............................. 43
3. Mechanics of Solids
D.A. BROMLEY
3.1. Length and Related Quantities ............................ 53
3.2. Mass and Force ....................................... 60
3.3. Time and Frequency. ................................... 69
3.4. Point Kinematics ...................................... 74
3.5. Rigid-Body Mechanics .................................. 81
3.6. Friction ............................................. 97
3.7. Deformation. ........................................ 100
1
2 CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1-32
.
4 Mechanics of Fluids
4.1. Static Properties ...................................... 115
I . ESTERMANN
4.2. Dynamic Phenomena .................................. 126
F. C . HURLBUT
.
5 Sound and Vibration
VINCENSTA LMON
5.1. General Concepts ..................................... 199
5.2. Instruments ......................................... 216
5.3. Experimental Techniques ............................... 221
.
6 Heat and Thermodynamics
6.1. Thermometry ........................................ 235
6.2. Calorimetry ......................................... 260
6.3. Heat Transfer ........................................ 287
SIMEOAN . FRIEDBERG
6.4. Thermodynamics ..................................... 303
PAULM . MARCUS
7 . Optics
7.1. Geometrical Optics ................................... 329
7.2. Diffraction and Interference ............................ 346
7.3. Spectroscopy in the Visible Region ....................... 362
7.4. Polarization ........................................ 376
7.5. Magneto- and Electrooptical Effects ...................... 385
7.6. Photomet ry ......................................... 388
7.7. Scattering of Light ................................... 393
7.8. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. ...................... 396
7.9. Nonvisible Light. .................................... 398
JOHN R . HOLMEASN D G . L . WEISSLER
7.10. X-Rays ............................................ 409
SIGMUNWDE ISSMANN
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1-32 3
8. Electricity
MICHAEFLE RENCJER.. AND L . J . GIACOLETTO
8.1. Electrostatics ........................................ 431
8.2. Direct-Current Measurements ............................ 447
8.3. Alternating-Current Measurements-Lumped Circuit ..........4 59
8.4. Alternating-Current Measurements-Distributed Circuit .......4 76
8.5. Dielectrics .......................................... 488
8.6. Atmospheric Electricity ................................ 501
8.7. Thermoelectricity ..................................... 506
9. Magnetism
ANTHONAYR ROTA-TN D J . E . GOLDMAN
9.1. The Electromagnetic Field .............................. 517
9.2. Production of Magnetic Fields ........................... 525
9.3. Magnetization and Its Measurement ....................... 530
9.4. Measurements of Susceptibility .......................... 537
9.5. Measurements of Ferromagnetic Materials .................. 546
AUTHORIND.E.X.. ........................................... 561
SUBJECTIND..E.X.. .......................................... 575
VOLUME 2
ELECTRONIC METHODS
Edited by E . 5Ieuler and R. 0. Haxby
CONTRIBUTTOO VROSL UM2E . ...................................... v
FOREWO.R.D.. ............................................... VII
1 . Evaluation of Measurement
SIDNERYE ED
1 . 1. General Rules ......................................... 1
1.2. Errors ................................................ 2
1.3. Statistical Methods ...................................... 3
1.4. Direct Measurements .................................... 5
4 CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1-32
1.5. Indirect Measurement ................................... 8
1.6. Preliminary Estimation. ................................. 13
1.7. Errors of Computation .................................. 13
2 . Passive Circuit Elements and Networks
R . M . SCARLETT
2.1. Basic Network Principles and Terminology ..................1 7
2.2. Network Theory ....................................... 24
2.3. Two-Terminal-Pair Networks; Filters ....................... 28
2.4. Distributed Constant Networks ............................ 37
2.5. Components .......................................... 41
2.6. Construction and Wiring Techniques ....................... 45
.
3 Vacuum Tubes
EDWARJD . CRAIG
3.1. Thermionic Emission ................................... 47
3.2. Diodes .............................................. 52
3.3. Triodes. ............................................. 57
3.4. Multielement Tubes ................................... -62
3.5. Selection of Tubes ..................................... 66
.
4 GasTubes
W. J . KEARNASN D R . P. WELLINGER
4.1. Gaseous Electronics and Devices .......................... 71
4.2. DC Breakdown ....................................... 71
4.3. Plasma Characteristics .................................. 80
4.4. Practical Gas Tubes .................................... 98
4.5. Tube Ratings: Definitions ............................... 110
.
5 Semiconductor Circuit Elements
I. A . LESK
5.1. Introduction ......................................... 113
5.2. Devices Employing Bulk Semiconductor Properties ........... 121
5.3. Single-Junction Rectifiers and Diodes ..................... 127