Table Of ContentEvelyne Lagrange · Stefan Oeter
Robert Uerpmann-Wittzack Editors
Cultural
Heritage and
International
Law
Objects, Means and Ends of
International Protection
Cultural Heritage and International Law
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Evelyne Lagrange Stefan Oeter
Robert Uerpmann-Wittzack
Editors
Cultural Heritage
and International Law
Objects, Means and Ends of International
Protection
Editors
EvelyneLagrange StefanOeter
IREDIES FacultyofLaw
Pantheon-SorbonneUniversity UniversityofHamburg
Paris,France Hamburg,Germany
RobertUerpmann-Wittzack
FacultyofLaw
UniversityofRegensburg
Regensburg,Germany
ISBN978-3-319-78788-6 ISBN978-3-319-78789-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78789-3
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Preface
Culturalheritageispartoftheidentitiesofindividuals,groups,andcommunitiesand
not indifferent to states and international organizations. It is also the object of
numerousnormsandinstitutionsincontemporarypublicinternationallaw.
In armed conflicts, cultural heritage may be damaged inadvertently or even
deliberatelywithaviewtodestroyingculturalidentities.
Intimesofpeace,culturalheritagebecomesanobjectofeconomicexchangeina
globalizedworld.Worksoffamouspaintersattainexorbitantpricesatinternational
artauctions,andinscribingasiteoralocalcustomonaculturalheritagelistislikely
to promote tourism. Even in armed conflicts, cultural heritage sites are spoiled in
ordertoselltheobjectsontheinternationalartandantiquesmarket.
Global exchanges also put intangible cultural heritage under pressure, and local
customsorregionalandminoritylanguagesmaydisappear.
Inthefaceofsuchthreats,fosteringtheperceivedculturalidentityofacommu-
nity corresponds to a desire for stability and security. However, culture, cultural
heritage, and cultural identity are not static concepts. It is in their nature to evolve
over time, since encounters between different cultures generate new forms of
cultural expressions in addition to endogenous changes. Therefore, the diverse
cultural heritage of the world must not be petrified but safeguarded as a unique
resourceforhumanprogress.
Againstthisbackground,thepresentvolumeexplorescurrentchallengesandthe
responsesofinternationalculturalheritagelaw.
Thisbookhasbeenrealizedwithinthelong-standingcooperationoftheGerman
andtheFrenchSocietiesofInternationalLaw.Every2years,bothSocietiesorganize
jointconferences.
Since 2006, the biannual joint conferences have been preceded by young
scholars’ workshops, which have been generously funded by the German-French
University (Deutsch-Französische Hochschule/Université franco-allemande). In
November 2016, members of both Societies met in Regensburg for a session on
“Religion and International Law.” The Regensburg workshop, open to junior
researchers, which took place on November 2–3, 2016, was organized by the
v
vi Preface
UniversityofRegensburgwiththesupportoftheSorbonneLawSchool(IREDIES).
It was dedicated to “Cultural Challenges Facing International Law,” with a clear
focusonculturalheritagelaw.Itsresultsarepublishedhere,inEnglishandFrench
forthesakeofabetterdiffusion.
The editors owe adebt of gratitude to allthose who haveassiduously helped to
realize this volume: theyoung authors and members of University staff, especially
LenaSpringerandBenjaminMantheyinRegensburg,CatherineBotokoandInèsEl
Hayek at the Sorbonne Law School (University Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne –
IREDIES).
Paris,France EvelyneLagrange
Hamburg,Germany StefanOeter
Regensburg,Germany RobertUerpmann-Wittzack
Contents
Introduction:CulturalHeritageLawandtheQuestforHuman
Identities. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 1
RobertUerpmann-Wittzack
PartI LinguisticDiversity
LeCommissaireauxdroitsdel’homme,unacteurdelaprotection
deladiversitélinguistique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
SophieSimon
MinorityLanguagesinEducationinEurope:AContrastingExercise
oftheCasesoftheCatalaninCataloniainSpainandtheSorbianin
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CarolineWestphal
IntangibleCulturalHeritageinNeedofProtection:TheCaseof
RegionalandMinorityLanguages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
StefanOeter
PartII OtherCulturalGoodsandHeritage
Réflexionssurlacirculationinternationaledescollectionsmuséales:
Del’immunitéàlacopropriété?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
AmandineLizot
TheProtectionofCulturalGoodsandtheRighttoPropertyUnder
theECHR. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 109
FabianMichl
Diversitéetpatrimoineculturels:Réflexionsautourdelamise
enœuvredelaConventiondupatrimoinemondial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
ClaireSainte-Beuve
vii
viii Contents
PartIII ProtectioninTimesofWar
BlueHelmetsforCulture:InvolvingCommunitiesintheProtection
ofTheirHeritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
GabrieleD’amicoSoggetti
ManagingCulturalSustainability:SafeHaven,CulturalProperty,
andSustainabilityinBestPractice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
MartinGerner
LesdéfisculturelsdelaCourpénaleinternationale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
JérémyHall
PartIV CulturalIdentity
LeitkulturMeetsGermanAngst:OntheRoleofValuesandNeedsin
theGermanDebateontheIntegrationofRefugeesandMigrants. . . . . 239
ClaudiaMariaHofmann
Ledroitinternationalpublicetlerespectdel’identitéculturelle
enmatièredestatutfamilial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
LukasRass-Masson
CulturalIdentityandSelf-DeterminationasKeyConceptsin
ConcurringLegalFrameworksfortheInternationalProtectionofthe
RightsofIndigenousPeoples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
MarianaMonteirodeMatos
List of Contributors
GabrieleD’amicoSoggetti FreeUniversityofBerlin,Berlin,Germany
MartinGerner InstitutfürAuslandsbeziehungen(ifa),Stuttgart,Germany
Jérémy Hall Attaché Temporaire d’Enseignement et de Recherche (ATER), Uni-
versityofGrenoble,Alpes,France
ClaudiaMariaHofmann UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany
Evelyne Lagrange Sorbonne Law School, Pantheon-Sorbonne University (Paris
1),IREDIES,Paris,France
AmandineLizot Sorbonne LawSchool,Pantheon-SorbonneUniversity (Paris 1),
IREDIES,Paris,France
FabianMichl UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany
UniversityofMünster,Münster,Germany
MarianaMonteirodeMatos InstituteofInternationalandEuropeanLaw,Faculty
ofLaw,Georg-AugustUniversityofGöttingen,Göttingen,Germany
StefanOeter UniversityofHamburg,Hamburg,Germany
LukasRass-Masson UniversityToulouse1Capitole,Toulouse,France
Claire Sainte-Beuve Attachée Temporaire d’Enseignement et de Recherche
(ATER),UniversityofPicardieJulesVerne,CURAPP-ESS,Amiens,France
Sophie Simon Sorbonne Law School, Pantheon-Sorbonne University (Paris 1),
Paris,France
RobertUerpmann-Wittzack UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany
CarolineWestphal UniversityoftheBasqueCountry,Bilbao,Spain
UniversityofHamburg,Hamburg,Germany
ix
Introduction: Cultural Heritage Law
and the Quest for Human Identities
RobertUerpmann-Wittzack
Abstract Thischaptergivesanintroductiontotherationaleofinternationalcultural
heritagelaw.Whereasthefrequentlyusednotionof“culturalproperty”hintsonthe
commercial relevance of cultural goods, “cultural heritage” designates human
expressions that constitute the identities of groups and communities. Cultural heri-
tage may be tangible like monuments and paintings or intangible like languages,
religiousbeliefs,orfashion.
UNESCO has adopted a series of conventions for the protection of cultural
heritage, ranging from the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural
Property in the Event of Armed Conflict to the 2005 Convention on Cultural
Diversity. An analysis of these conventions and other international documents
shows that, beyond questions of private property law, cultural goods may be
attributed to the group where they have been created or to the community where
theyarelocatedoreventohumanityasawhole.Construedinastaticway,cultural
heritage, which constitutes a given group or community, may be used in order to
excludethosewhodonotbelongtothesamegrouporcommunity.Underadynamic
concept, which recognizes the inspiring potential of cultural diversity, by contrast,
multiple,multilayered,andcontextualidentitiesmaybeconceived.
1 The Challenges of International Cultural Heritage Law
Culture matters, and so does cultural heritage law. Broadly construed, culture is
closelyrelatedtotheveryideaofhumancivilization.Cultureisnotpreset,butitis
made by humankind.1 Following a definition given by the UN Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, culture comprises all means “through
1CommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalrights,GeneralcommentNo.21:Rightofeveryone
totakepartinculturallife(Art.15,para.1(a),oftheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,Social
andCulturalRights),2009,UNDoc.E/C.12/GC/21,para.12.
R.Uerpmann-Wittzack(*)
PublicandInternationalLaw,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 1
E.Lagrangeetal.(eds.),CulturalHeritageandInternationalLaw,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78789-3_1
