Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness (8th Edition)

431 Pages·2012·4.153 MB·English

by  Rachel E. Spector

Cultural Diversity
in Health and Illness
CULTURALCARE
There is something that transcends all of this
I am I . . . You are you
Yet. I and you
Do connect
Somehow, sometime.
To understand the “cultural” needs
Samenesses and differences of people
Needs an open being
See—Hear—Feel
With no judgment or interpretation
Reach out
Maybe with that physical touch
Or eyes, or aura
You exhibit your openness and willingness to
Listen and learn
And, you tell and share
In so doing—you share humanness
It is acknowledged and shared
Something happens—
Mutual understanding
—Rachel E. Spector
Cultural Diversity
in Health and Illness
E I G H T H E D I T I O N
Rachel E. Spector, PhD, RN, CTN-A, FAAN
Needham, MA 02494
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Spector, Rachel E.
Cultural diversity in health and illness/Rachel E. Spector.—8th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-284006-4
ISBN-10: 0-13-284006-5
1. Transcultural medical care—United States. 2. Health attitudes—United States.
3. Transcultural nursing—United States. I. Title.
RA418.5.T73S64 2013
610—dc23 2012012708
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-284006-4
ISBN-10: 0-13-284006-5
I would like to dedicate this text to
My husband, Manny;
Sam, Hilary, Julia, and Emma;
Becky, Perry, Naomi, Rose, and Miriam;
the memory of my parents, Joseph J. and Freda F. Needleman,
and my in-laws, Sam and Margaret Spector;
and the memory of my beloved mentor, Irving Kenneth Zola.
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
PREFACE xi
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xviii
UNIT I CULTURAL FOUNDATIONS 1
Chapter 1 Building Cultural and Linguistic Competence 3
National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically
Appropriate Services in Health Care 8
Cultural Competence 11
Linguistic Competence 11
Institutional Mandates 12
CULTURALCARE 13
Chapter 2 Cultural Heritage and History 19
Heritage Consistency 20
Acculturation Themes 29
Ethnocultural Life Trajectories 32
Commingling Variables 34
Cultural Conflict 36
Cultural Phenomena Affecting Health 37
Chapter 3 Diversity 43
Census 2010 45
Immigration 48
Poverty 54
Chapter 4 Health and Illness 62
Health 63
Illness 74
UNIT II HEALTH DOMAINS 85
Chapter 5 HEALTH Traditions 89
HEALTH and ILLNESS 91
HEALTH Traditions Model 92
HEALTH Protection 95
Health/HEALTH Care Choices 102
vii
viii ■ Contents
Folk Medicine 104
Health/HEALTH Care Philosophies 108
Chapter 6 HEALING Traditions 120
HEALING 121
Ancient Forms of HEALING 123
Religion and HEALING 124
HEALING and Today’s Beliefs 136
Ancient Rituals Related to the Life Cycle 138
Chapter 7 Familial HEALTH Traditions 158
Familial Health/HEALTH Traditions 160
Consciousness Raising 171
Chapter 8 Health and Illness in Modern Health Care 178
The Health Care Provider’s Culture 179
Health Care Costs 182
Trends in Development of the Health Care System 187
Common Problems in Health Care Delivery 191
Pathways to Health Services 195
Barriers to Health Care 197
Medicine as an Institution of Social Control 199
UNIT III HEALTH AND ILLNESS PANORAMAS 207
Chapter 9 H EALTH and ILLNESS in the American Indian
and Alaska Native Population 210
Background 211
Traditional Definitions of HEALTH and ILLNESS 213
Traditional Methods of HEALING 215
Current Health Care Problems 222
The Indian Health Service 228
Chapter 10 HEALTH and ILLNESS in the Asian Populations 238
Background 239
Traditional Definitions of HEALTH and ILLNESS 241
Traditional Methods of HEALTH Maintenance
and Protection 246
Traditional Methods of HEALTH Restoration 247
Current Health Problems 257
Chapter 11 HEALTH and ILLNESS in the Black Population 265
Background 266
Traditional Definitions of HEALTH and ILLNESS 270
Traditional Methods of HEALTH Maintenance
and Protection 271
Contents ■ ix
Traditional Methods of HEALTH Restoration 272
Current Health Problems 279
Chapter 12 H EALTH and ILLNESS in the Hispanic
Populations 291
Background 292
Mexicans 294
Puerto Ricans 308
Chapter 13 HEALTH and ILLNESS in the White Populations 323
Background 324
German Americans 326
Italian Americans 330
Polish Americans 334
Health Status of the White Population 339
Chapter 14 CULTURALCOMPETENCE 345
CULTURALCOMPETENCY 351
Appendix A Selected Key Terms Related to Cultural
Diversity in Health and Illness 354
Appendix B Calendar: Cultural and Religious Holidays
That Change Dates 364
Appendix C Suggested Course Outline 367
Appendix D Suggested Course Activity—Urban Hiking 373
Appendix E Heritage Assessment Tool 376
Appendix F Quick Guide for CULTURALCARE 379
Appendix G Data Resources 381
BIBLIOGRAPHY 383
INDEX 403