Table Of ContentC D
ULTURAL IVERSITY
A Primer for the Human Services
FOURTH EDITION
±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± Jerry V. Diller
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C
ONTENTS
P x
REFACE
1
CHAPTER
I 1
NTRODUCTION
2
CHAPTER
W I M B C C 9
HAT T EANS TO E ULTURALLY OMPETENT
Demographics 9
Reactions to Changing Demographics 11
Why Become Culturally Competent? 11
The Fear and Pain Associated with Moving Toward Cultural
Competence 12
Speaking Personally About Cultural Competence 15
A Model of Cultural Competence 16
Assessing Agency Cultural Competence 18
Individual Cultural Competence Skill Areas 20
Defining Professional Standards 23
Enforcing Professional Standards 27
Summary 32
Activities 32
iii
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
iv Contents
3
CHAPTER
U R , P , W P 34
NDERSTANDING ACISM REJUDICE AND HITE RIVILEGE
Defining and Contextualizing Racism 35
Individual Racism and Prejudice 37
Traits and Tendencies Supporting Racism and Prejudice 37
Psychological Theories of Prejudice 39
Microaggressions and Implicit Bias 41
Implications for Providers 41
Institutional Racism 42
Determining Institutional Racism 43
Consciousness, Intent, and Denial 44
Implications for Providers 52
Cultural Racism 52
Implications for Providers 53
Racial Consciousness Among Whites 54
White Privilege 54
White Racial Attitude Types 56
A Model of White Racial Identity Development 58
Identity Development in the Classroom 61
Becoming a Cultural Ally 62
Summary 62
Activities 64
4
CHAPTER
U C C D 66
NDERSTANDING ULTURE AND ULTURAL IFFERENCES
What Is Culture? 66
Culture vs. Race in the Definition of Group Differences 68
The Dimensions of Culture 69
Comparing Cultural Paradigms in America 71
Nature and the Environment 72
Time Orientation 72
People Relations 73
Work and Activity 73
Human Nature 74
Are Theories of Helping Culture-Bound? 77
Key Aspects of the Helping Process 77
Verbal Expressiveness and Self-Disclosure 77
Setting Long-Term Goals 78
Changing the Client vs. Changing the Environment 78
Definitions of Mental Health 79
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Contents v
Collective Personality: the Example of Arabs/Muslims 81
Conflicting Cross-Cultural Service Models 82
Adapting Generic Models vs. Evolving Culturally Sensitive Models 85
Summary 86
Activities 86
5
CHAPTER
B S D 88
IAS IN ERVICE ELIVERY
The Impact of Social, Political, and Racial Attitudes 90
Who Are the Providers? 92
Underrepresentation in the Professions 92
Dissatisfaction Among Providers of Color 93
The Use of Paraprofessionals 94
The Use of Traditional Healers 95
Cultural Aspects of Mental Health Service Delivery 96
Bias in Conceptualizing Ethnic Populations 97
Bias in Assessment 100
Bias in Diagnosis 102
Cultural Variations in Psychopathology 102
Cultural Attitudes Toward Mental Health 103
Cultural Differences in Symptoms, Disorders, and Pathology 104
The Case of Suicide 105
Racial Microaggressions and the Therapeutic Relationship 107
Summary 111
Activities 112
Introduction to Chapters 6 through 8 112
6
CHAPTER
W D C , P , F 113
ORKING WITH IVERSE HILDREN ARENTS AND AMILIES
Community Psychology and the Vulnerability of Children and
Families of Color 114
Three Scenarios 116
Child Development 117
Temperament at Birth 117
Development of Racial Awareness 118
Racial Awareness and Self-Esteem 118
Clarifying the Question 119
Adolescent Racial Identity 121
Academic Performance and Learning Styles 123
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vi Contents
Parenting 124
Creating a Buffer Zone 125
Parenting for Self-Esteem 126
Preparing the Child Emotionally for Racism 127
Preparing the Child Cognitively for Racism 128
Bicultural Children and Families 130
Bicultural Couples 131
Patterns of Bicultural Relationships 133
Bicultural Children 134
Adopted Children 136
Therapy With Bicultural Families 136
Culturally Sensitive Therapy with Children 137
Some Basic Notions 137
Narrative Therapy with Children 141
Narrative Collective Practice: The Tree of Life Exercise 144
School-Based Social Justice Intervention Program 146
Summary 150
Activities 151
7
CHAPTER
M H I 153
ENTAL EALTH SSUES
Racial Identity and Group Belonging 154
The Inner Dynamics of Ethnic Identity 154
Models of Racial Identity Development 157
Racial Identity Development and the Helping Process 158
Assimilation and Acculturation 161
Views of Acculturation 162
Immigration and Acculturation 163
Acculturation and Community Breakdown 164
Stress 165
Psychological Trauma 166
Drug and Alcohol Use 169
Comparing Latinos/as and Asian Americans 172
The Cultural Meaning of Recovery 173
Summary 174
Activities 175
8
CHAPTER
A E C , G , M V 177
DDRESSING THNIC ONFLICT ENOCIDE AND ASS IOLENCE
An Alternative View of the Trauma Experience and Its Treatment 180
Historic Trauma and Unresolved Grief Among Native Americans 182
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Contents vii
Brave Heart’s Cultural Intervention 183
PTSD in Native American Males 184
South Africa and Its Truth and Reconciliation Commission 185
Impact on Victims 186
Impact on Bystanders 187
Impact on Perpetrators 188
Institute for the Healing of Memories 188
Forgiveness 190
Reparations 190
Holocaust Survivors, Nazis, Their Children, and Reconciliation 193
Research 193
Seeking Justice 194
Summary 197
Activities 198
9
CHAPTER
W C D C 200
ORKING WITH ULTURALLY IVERSE LIENTS
How Is Cross-Cultural Helping Different? 201
Conceptualizing Cross-Cultural Work 201
Understanding Difference 202
Understanding Power 203
Hays’s ADDRESSING Framework 204
Preparing for Cross-Cultural Work 206
Assessing Culturally Diverse Clients 208
Making Culturally Sensitive DSM-IV Diagnoses 209
Establishing Rapport and the First Session 211
Two Case Studies 214
Summary 220
Activities 221
Introduction to Chapters 10 through 14 222
Avoiding the Stereotyping of Individual Group Members 222
The Interviews 223
10
CHAPTER
W L / C : A I
ORKING WITH ATINOA LIENTS N NTERVIEW WITH
R A 225
OBERTO LMANZAN
Demographics 225
Family and Cultural Values 226
Our Interviewee 228
The Interview 228
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viii Contents
11
CHAPTER
W N A C : A I
ORKING WITH ATIVE MERICAN LIENTS N NTERVIEW WITH
J L 240
ACK AWSON
Demographics 240
Family and Cultural Values 241
Sharing and Cooperation 241
Noninterference 242
Time Orientation 242
Extended Families 242
Harmony with Nature 243
Our Interviewee 244
The Interview 244
12
CHAPTER
W A A C : A I
ORKING WITH FRICAN MERICAN LIENTS N NTERVIEW WITH
V T 256
ERONIQUE HOMPSON
Demographics 256
Family and Cultural Values 257
Kinship Bonds 257
Role Flexibility 258
Religion 259
Our Interviewee 260
The Interview 261
13
CHAPTER
W A A C : A I
ORKING WITH SIAN MERICAN LIENTS N NTERVIEW WITH
D H 272
AN OCOY
Demographics 272
Family and Cultural Values 274
Our Interviewee 275
The Interview 276
14
CHAPTER
W A M A C : A I
ORKING WITH RAB AND USLIM MERICAN LIENTS N NTERVIEW WITH
M D 289
ARWAN WAIRY
Demographics 289
Family and Cultural Values 291
Our Interviewee 292
The Interview 293
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Contents ix
15
CHAPTER
W W E C : A I A 303
ORKING WITH HITE THNIC LIENTS N NTERVIEW WITH THE UTHOR
Demographics and Cultural Similarities 303
Our Interviewee 305
The Interview 306
16
CHAPTER
S C T 316
OME LOSING HOUGHTS
Gaining More Knowledge 317
Learning About Client Cultures 320
Finding Support for Cross-Cultural Work 321
Summary 321
Activities 322
A A
PPENDIX
C E 323
ASE OF LENA
A B
PPENDIX
C T 326
ASE OF HEO
S B D
ELECTED IBLIOGRAPHY ON IVERSITY
Ablism and Disability 329
Aging 329
Classism 330
Gender 330
Sexual Orientation: Gay, Lesbians, and Transsexuals 330
GLOSSARY 331
REFERENCES 336
INDEX 346
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