Table Of ContentMachine Translated by Google
Alexander Galushka | Artur Niyazmetov M axim Okulov
CRYSTAL G ROWTH
to t he Russian economic m iracle
Machine Translated by Google
Alexander Galushka | Artur Niyazmetov M axim O kulov
CRYSTAL G ROWTH
to the R ussian economic miracle
Moscow
2021
Machine Translated by Google
UDC 3 3
BBK 65.01
D 1 68
Published with s upport
State Corporation "Rostec", JSC " Siber" a nd J SC "RT-Guard"
Authors of t he b ook “ GROWTH C RYSTAL. Toward t he R ussian Economic M iracle" Alexander
Galushka, A rtur Niyazmetov, M axim Okulov w ere a warded the H onorary Diploma o f t he P ublic
chambers of t he R ussian F ederation.
Galushka A.S., Niyazmetov A.K., O kulov M.O.
G168 Growth c rystal to t he R ussian economic miracle. - M., 2021. - 360 p ., illustration.
In t he 20th century, o ur country set a world r ecord f or t he rate o f average annual economic growth in 1 929–
1955, w hich remains u nsurpassed t o this d ay. I n an effort t o understand the t rue causes o f such a phenomenon, this
book w as w ritten. To understand t he Russian e conomy a nd i ts true potential , t he a uthors t urn to primary s ources,
archival documents, including previously classified documents, world e conomic theory and b est m anagement practices.
Analysis f rom today's historical h eight allows us t o propose solutions t hat c an ensure t he h igh growth of the R ussian
economy in the p resent and future.
ISBN 9 78-5-6046834-8-4
UDC 3 3
BBK 6 5.01
© G alushka A .S., N iyazmetov A.K., O kulov M.O., text, 2 021
© L arionov A.Yu., a rtistic d esign, 2 021
© O ur T omorrow L LC, 2021
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
A b ook Crystal o f G rowth comes o ut s urprisingly on time.
Today, w hen the world economy is e xperiencing a g lobal crisis, and the p andemic i s b ecoming
a convenient excuse f or the world e lites to radically change the u sual life o f people, Russia h as
only o ne w ay o ut - t o follow i ts o wn o riginal path, creatively a bsorbing a ll t he b est t hat has b een in
our thousand-year history.
And the book describes such a p ath.
The authors, r eferring t o the past, look to the future a nd o ffer a n e ssentially n ew unique type
of economy, w hich can b e called a " human e conomy". In this m odel, a p erson - h is l ife, well-
being, happiness - c ome f irst.
It was a s imilar e conomy t hat was already implemented i n o ur history i n t he p eriod 1929–1955, when
people's i ncomes increased many t imes over, p rices fell, and citizens' savings grew. T he a uthors of t he
book c ite the stunning results o f this p eriod: a n increase i n t he p opulation by 4 6 million p eople and a n
increase i n average life e xpectancy by 2 6 years. A nd t his despite t he b loodiest and most destructive
war i n w orld history, which c laimed 27 million lives!
The book "Crystal of Growth" e mphasizes that t he result o f such successes is n ot only a u nique
economic model, but, perhaps, first o f all, t he amazing cohesion of the majority of the country's
citizens, developing new t erritories, building plants, f actories, cities, developing s cience, education,
healthcare , w orking i n the sweat of t heir brow for the common and t heir own g ood - b uilding their
country a nd b elieving in i t. And b y their f aith, they r eceived a p owerful, i nvincible power, t he economy
of w hich, by t he mid-50s, occupies the 1st place in Europe a nd t he 2nd i n the world.
This is exactly what we lack so much today, when i n our ship called "Russia" many feel like
passengers. It i s i mportant for us to f eel, to realize ourselves a s a s ingle team, understanding
where our s hip i s s ailing and d oing everything t o m ake it g o f aster.
The book describes in d etail t he program of specific steps to build a m odern -
efficient and h umane - t he Russian economy.
I sincerely c ongratulate the authors on a v ery useful and n ecessary w ork, I r ecommend the book to
everyone f or r eading, a nd I really h ope t hat Crystal o f Growth w ill become a c atalyst f or p ositive
processes i n o ur society.
Nikita S ergeevich M ikhalkov
In t he book
"Crystal of Growth" collected a h uge amount o f f actual material.
At the heart o f the book is t he most important q uestion of e conomic development—the question of t he r eal
causes o f productivity g rowth. A nd i t substantively e xplains t he k ey reasons a nd f actors behind t he record growth.
domestic e conomy f rom 1 929 t o 1955.
Indeed, i t seems t hat for a c ertain period o f t ime, t he p lanned economy was m ore effective t han t he
market economy.
And Schumpeter said s o. And G albraith said so. Schumpeter was g enerally sure that the planned
the economy w ill e ventually w in over t he m arket e conomy, w rote a bout t his i n the late 1 940s. 2 0th century
But n o o ne then b rought these ideas t o t he e nd.
And today t here i s a feeling that China h as u nderstood for i tself everything that is w ritten i n the book
"Crystal of G rowth", thanks to t his, h aving r isen to the next stage of development.
And w e s ee China's results in t he past 40 y ears. W e see t hat t he market mechanisms w ork together
with the plan for the benefit o f the entire Chinese people. Someone s ays: C hina is a c apitalist c ountry.
Machine Translated by Google
No. China i s certainly a s ocialist country that u ses market m echanisms t o b uild its Chinese
socialism.
So why don't we use this e xperience t oday?
According t o Weber, there are two types o f r ationality - goal a nd value. The a uthors of t he book " Crystal o f G rowth" p roceed
from v alue rationality. They t ry t o u nderstand and u nderstand what w as valuable
in t he domestic economy 1929–1955
And t his u nderstanding is very i mportant in order to o vercome our h istorical trauma of t he collapse o f t he country. To get rid of
the complex o f economic insolvency a nd s econdary n ature inspired by u s.
This understanding a llows y ou to establish y ourself in your own ability to successfully develop
and be a l eader. S o, t o open t o ourselves the historical p erspective of a f undamentally new
development h orizon.
Valery A leksandrovich F adeev,
Advisor t o the President of t he Russian Federation, i n 1 998–
2017 e ditor-in-chief o f t he leading economic m agazine o f R ussia
"Expert".
A book
"Growth crystal" f or t hose w ho a sk themselves h ow, from an economic point of view ,
our a tomic and space p rojects b ecame p ossible a fter two world w ars. A nd for those who are interested,
why the t ime w hen prices w ere lowered ended.
But the b ook i s o nly s uperficially about economics. I t is about f undamental i nnovative solutions i n p ublic administration with
practically p roven effectiveness.
The story o f our e conomic history begins in 1885 a nd m oves o n t o t he period 1 929-1955, when t he country a chieved
phenomenal growth r ates. A ccording t o t he authors, the starting p oint f or development w as the big goals. It w as they who
determined t he s cale of economic thinking and t he need f or skillful concentration o f r esources, effective s tate p lanning, and
innovation in c reating key development factors.
This domestic experience contains valuable i deas and e ffective m echanisms, which i n m any ways w ere ahead of t heir time
and later found reflection in the recognized w orks of l eading foreign
economists a nd b est practices o f p ublic administration in dynamically d eveloping countries.
The book s hows the h istorical c ontinuity of t he e conomic model of 1 929-1955. the b est i deas
of domestic and world e conomic t hought of t hat t ime. It i s i mportant t hat t hese s cientific w orks
were deeply c omprehended and c reatively a pplied b y p ublic administration practitioners.
in s pecific historical, e conomic and p olitical c onditions.
In conditions in w hich n o o ther c ountry i n the world has e ver b een.
From the p oint of v iew of g eopolitical c onditions for R ussia o f that e ra, o ne c an find a lot in common
with t he p resent day.
Now, positive economic d ynamics a re also urgently needed in spite of a ll sanctions and
demographic growth, without w hich the l ong-term outstripping development o f t he economy l oses
its meaning ( and i s h ardly possible) . It is the e conomic prospects a nd the size o f t he d omestic
market t hat a re t he main factors in the i nvestment attractiveness of a ny country.
It i s n o coincidence that t oday t he practical s tate activity is more a nd more c onsistently b uilt around t he m ajor d evelopment
goals o f the c ountry, defined b y t he head o f s tate, i ncluding a chieving economic g rowth r ates above the world average and
sustainable growth o f the Russian population.
This a pproach is a lso t he best p ractice in t he w orld. S uccessful countries d o n ot c ycle along
economic w aves, b ut constantly m anage their development a ccording to goals. This i s t he b ig
Machine Translated by Google
the d ifference between h ow they t hemselves apply economic k nowledge and what a nd how they p ropose to d o
the rest.
Today, much is s aid about the d evelopment of the economy in the context of import s ubstitution a nd export development.
The book "Crystal o f G rowth" is a g ood step towards such i mport s ubstitution in economic t hought. After
all, any a ction b egins with a wareness. I a m confident that this w ork w ill b ring p ositive r esults f or t he benefit
of R ussia.
Igor O legovich Shchegolev,
Plenipotentiary Representative of the P resident of the
Russian Federation in the Central Federal D istrict.
The monograph CRYSTAL G ROWTH is a s erious scientific study of the economy
our c ountry in t he period 1929-1955. Unexpected in the form o f presentation, historically reliable in its facts
and u npredictable in its conclusions. The a uthors rely on available scientific research and introduce n ew
archival d ocuments i nto s cientific c irculation, i ncluding documents on the g rowth rates of the U SSR economy.
This, o f c ourse, is i ts value.
But much m ore valuable i s t he fact t hat t his s tudy has a s ignificant applied value: the a uthors, being
experienced public administrators, e xplore the past, w hich can b e useful in the future.
I'll say m ore. Over t he past y ear alone, the authors of the book a t the site o f the Public C hamber, in
dialogue with e xperts, public organizations, g overnment b odies and auditors of the Accounts C hamber,
actually tested a nd tested t he main i deas o f the b ook t hrough the prism of analyzing the p ractical
implementation of national p rojects. We d id this w ithin the framework o f the C oordinating Council f or N ational
Projects a nd C onservation o f People, w hich is headed b y Alexander Galushka.
Moreover, they d id n ot just t est a nd test t he m ain ideas of the book, but prepared a r eport for
the H ead o f S tate w ith detailed p roposals f or adjusting a nd improving both
system of national projects, and i ndividual projects i n p articular.
The p ositive resolution of the President of our c ountry o n this report i s evidence of the q uality
work done.
I w ish t he big s hip a great v oyage and r ecommend r eading it t o everyone who l oves and s erves
to t he F atherland the book “CRYSTAL O F GROWTH. T o t he Russian e conomic m iracle.
Alexander Vladimirovich Zhuravsky,
Deputy H ead of the Office of the President of the
Russian Federation for P ublic P rojects.
Growth C rystal i s a useful b ook. Useful f or everyone who l oves Russia, a ppreciates and understands
the importance of a n adequate assessment o f one's — national — history f or b uilding a p rosperous future.
And t he book is d oubly unique for statesmen o f all levels.
Reading the t itle of t he b ook, y ou m ight t hink t hat it i s about t he h istory of e conomics. T his i s only p artly s o.
The authors e xplore the m ost dynamic p eriod in t he h istory of t he d evelopment o f o ur country, looking t hrough it
Machine Translated by Google
lens to t he future. They g ive reasonable concepts o f a successful a nd p rosperous future. A nd t hey d o i t
without utopian ideas.
This i s a p ragmatic v iew of m odern experienced m anagers, cleansed of e motions.
Yes, t oday we c annot do w ithout t he smart, o rganizing role of the state b oth in e nsuring the
security o f the country a nd in i ts successful economic d evelopment. And the authors of the
book show that this is i n line w ith the best f oreign p ractices. We need a c lear and precise
system o f strategic state planning just as we n eeded i t almost 1 00 y ears a go. It s hould be n oted
how clearly a nd harmoniously in t his difficult t ime - t he beginning of the 1930s - t he state a cted
both t o ensure the s ecurity o f our M otherland and t o improve the quality of life o f people.
Of course, money was n eeded to s olve t hese complex p roblems. T he G rowth Crystal d escribes a u nique
two-loop model that can a nd s hould b e applied t oday. Y es, w ith adjustments to r eflect modern realities, b ut
the authors of t he b ook write about t his a s w ell. Saturating t he c irculatory s ystem o f o ur e conomy with
healthy - " inflation-free" - money is the m ost i mportant task o f m oving f orward.
Today, our c ountry faces even m ore ambitious g oals: saving the p eople, d eveloping human potential,
strengthening the sovereign statehood of R ussia, a nd creating conditions for t he s afe d evelopment of t he
economy. For t heir i mplementation, it i s necessary t o skillfully use t he successful d omestic e xperience of
the country's d evelopment.
I sincerely c ongratulate the authors o n t heir success, a nd I recommend t he b ook t o e veryone for a d eep and t houghtful
reading, especially f or everyone who l oves t heir Fatherland and h onestly serves i t.
Sergei A lekseevich Vakhrukov,
Deputy Secretary o f t he Security C ouncil o f t he
Russian Federation.
The monograph " Growth C rystal" is d evoted to the a nalysis of the factors that caused t he phenomenon
Soviet "economic m iracle", manifested in the 3 0-40s and partly 50s. XX c entury., When the
USSR d emonstrated unprecedented high r ates o f economic d evelopment. N ot e veryone likes t o
remember t his period o f our recent h istory for m any reasons, including t he fact that stubborn
facts, w ith an unbiased and deep c onsideration, c an destroy many stereotypes,
to b reak established i deological constructions and e ven some economic theoretical c onstructions. I t c annot
be said t hat the r easons for the rapid e conomic u psurge that e ngulfed o ur c ountry in t he p eriod under
review, and t he s uccessful economic transformations, were at o ne time ignored in t he s pecial economic
literature.
However, in the new work, b ased on a t horough, d eep a nd c omprehensive a nalysis, the
study of numerous sources, i ncluding p reviously unknown archival m aterials, t he team of
authors managed to g ive a convincing, r easoned, c learly a nd c onsistently presented new
interpretation o f the events of our not so d istant p ast. A cquaintance with the monograph c an
help specialists and those who are i nterested in a n u nbiased a nalysis of our economic and
political history to clarify, a nd possibly even r adically rethink m any
ideas about what, how a nd w hy happened to us in the past a nd is h appening in the p resent.
Readers of t his w onderful, beautifully published, written in a l ively, v ivid, figurative language o f the b ook
will n ot o nly be a ble t o learn a l ot o f n ew and i nteresting things f or t hemselves, b ut w ill also h ave t he
opportunity to e xperience a s ense of p ride i n o ur ancestors, w ho m anaged to f ind o riginal, a s t hey would
say n ow, in very d ifficult conditions. breakthrough, innovative s olutions to n on-trivial e conomic a nd s ocial
Machine Translated by Google
political p roblems, t o create unique economic m echanisms t hat a llowed to o btain phenomenal
results.
It s eems t hat this w ork, w hich goes far beyond the s cope o f ordinary e conomic r esearch, can become a catalyst f or
discussions n ot o nly about our past, but a lso a bout the p resent a nd f uture. And this is t he undoubted m erit of the
authors of a d etailed scientific work, w ho decided to take a fresh l ook at the a ffairs of bygone d ays, “ to m ake s hine
again” t he a ccomplishments, v ictories and breakthroughs made in t he p ast.
Mikhail Y urievich A lekseev,
Deputy Chairman o f the C entral Bank of the R ussian
Federation, D octor of Economics, Dean o f the F aculty of
International Economic Relations of the F inancial University
under t he G overnment o f the R ussian F ederation.
The b ook b y A. G alushka, A. N iyazmetov a nd M. O kulov i s an i nnovative, v ery
a m onograph o n the h istory o f economic t hought a nd the management model of the Soviet U nion, which explains the
phenomenon o f the “ Russian economic m iracle”, is o f high q uality in terms of the harmony o f presentation a nd the coverage o f sources.
At the same time, i n m odern economic l iterature, this period o f history i s n ot s o much t abooed, it i s placed in the
“gray zone”. The authors show that this i s n ot s o: the k ey elements of the “ bloody regime” m yth a re a deliberate l ie
aimed a t b locking the s earch for r eal w ays o ut o f the h istorical impasse into which the d estroyers of the m ost e ffective
model at t hat time d rove the c ountry.
The a uthors d escribe i n detail t he " bearing structures" o f the a dvanced development m odel of 1 929–1955.
The b ook could b ecome t he b est t extbook o n the e conomic h istory o f Russia in t he 2 0th c entury.
Comprehending the h istorical experience of the r ise and f all of the a dvanced d evelopment m odel, the a uthors n ot
only f ocus on important managerial characteristics, b ut a lso touch on t he s ocial and i deological foundations o f the new
(essentially i mperial) world e conomic o rder. The r ole o f positive i deology is e xtremely i mportant, as well a s the
destructive role o f t he a bsence o f i deology. The b ook s hows the r ole o f culture and e ducation, which, along with
science, were t he same l eading sectors o f the new economy a s energy a nd i nfrastructure. The U SSR built a knowledge
economy (to w hich the W est g rew only half a century later), and t herefore d efeated the u nited Europe (in the form o f
the T hird R eich).
The book "Crystal of G rowth" breaks through t he blockade t hat was c reated a round t he Stalin p eriod,
it allows you to c orrectly r aise t he questions of our t ime, i t is o ptimistic a nd honest enough so
that o n its basis i t i s possible to hold a b road d iscussion ( and n ot only in t he scientific, b ut also
in t he management e nvironment) and d evelop solutions f or the formation o f a t ruly r elevant and
vital model ( strategy) of advanced d evelopment, w ithout which R ussia i s d oomed t o be an
object, b ut n ot a subject o f the e conomic h istory of the 21st century.
Sergey Y urievich G lazyev,
Minister f or I ntegration and M acroeconomics of the Eurasian E conomic
Commission, Academician o f the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Machine Translated by Google
Before you i s a r eference book of the e conomic h istory o f R ussia in the 20th century. and t o t his d ay, d isturbing
time o f c hange i n t he social o rder.
This book is a n e conomic guide for the y ounger generation a nd a l ively d iscussion a mong
politicians and e conomists.
The book is a rare fusion o f rich historical t exture, a l iving word, i ndifference to the future
Russia.
The a uthors are n ot a fraid to pose t ranshistorical questions to t he reader, adding to t he
economic and a w ide r ange o f related issues - f rom the leadership role of t he state t o c ultural i ssues.
The work o f the authors touches o n many b orderline political a nd e conomic t opics that i n o ur
time, n ot every p rofessional h as the courage to discuss.
Therefore, t his book is n ot j ust a n e conomic s tudy, b ut a program for the m odern p olitician,
containing specific p roposals for t he resuscitation o f the economy of o ur c ountry.
The t ime h as come t o f irmly d eclare the need t o change t he economic paradigm, to launch
the supply-side economy - t he authors talk about t his, h aving c ollected the richest e vidence
base c onfirming t he need to go t hrough t his historical fork.
Today, there are many s uch initiatives, i ncluding at the government l evel, but i t i s in the p resentation o f t he
team of a uthors t hat we s ee a s ystematic approach, a w ell-developed c oncept of l inking the s upply-side
economy w ith a n entrepreneurial initiative, a t echnological breakthrough.
The m ost i mportant is the position of the a uthors about s tate planning a s a necessary i nstitution for building
the well-being o f p eople and t he d evelopment of the country, and t his is not a bout formal g oal - setting using
econometric modeling, but about a s cientifically based, thoughtful, targeted p olicy in the s tate structure.
Before you i s w orthy work for studying a nd p utting i nto practice t he dream o f a p rosperous,
strong a nd happy Russia!
Dmitry A lexandrovich Z aitsev,
auditor of t he Accounts Chamber o f the Russian F ederation.
"Crystal of G rowth" is probably the only s olid fundamental work o n
sources, causes and d eveloped p ractical solutions that e nsured unprecedented e conomic growth i n our c ountry
in the period 1929–1955.
The w ork clearly, p ractically, consistently a nd systematically u nfolds the p icture o f the h istorical
creativity and innovation of s tatesmen of that t ime, w ho provided a mazing r esults in t he d evelopment
of a ll spheres of life i n our c ountry a nd t he a chievement of international l eadership in t he m ost
advanced and h igh-tech i ndustries.
In parallel, with a ll t he persuasiveness, the most harmful unfounded m yths a re b eing debunked.
and s tereotypes a bout t he economic m odel, sources and driving forces of t he d evelopment o f t hat period.
It is g ratifying that the finds of that time, a ppreciated i n the w orld, p ractically used b y a number o f c ountries
for t heir own breakthroughs and outstanding a chievements, have finally received a worthy description and
assessment in t heir homeland.
The most i mportant thing t hat t his f undamental work gives i s t he understanding t hat t here are all possibilities
and p rerequisites for a f undamentally different - higher - dynamics o f d evelopment o f o ur c ountry.
