Table Of Content

CRYPTOLOGY Classical and Modern ———S E –——— ECOND DITION Chapman & Hall/CRC Cryptography and Network Security Series Series Editors: Douglas R. Stinson and Jonathan Katz Algorithmic Cryptanalysis Antoine Joux Cryptanalysis of RSA and Its Variants M. Jason Hinek Access Control, Security, and Trust: A Logical Approach Shiu-Kai Chin and Susan Beth Older Handbook of Financial Cryptography and Security Burton Rosenberg Handbook on Soft Computing for Video Surveillance Sankar K. Pal, Alfredo Petrosino and Lucia Maddalena Communication System Security Lidong Chen and Guang Gong Introduction to Modern Cryptography, Second Edition Jonathan Katz and Yehuda Lindell Group Theoretic Cryptography Maria Isabel Gonzalez Vasco and Rainer Steinwandt Guide to Pairing-Based Cryptography Nadia El Mrabet and Marc Joye Cryptology: Classical and Modern, Second Edition Richard Klima and Neil Sigmon For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.crcpress.com/Chapman--HallCRC-Cryptography-and- Network-Security-Series/book-series/CHCRYNETSEC CRYPTOLOGY Classical and Modern ———S E –——— ECOND DITION Richard Klima Neil Sigmon CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-04762-4 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface xi 1 Introduction to Cryptology 1 1.1 Basic Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Cryptology in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Why Study Cryptology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Substitution Ciphers 7 2.1 Keyword Substitution Ciphers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1 Simple Keyword Substitution Ciphers . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.2 Keyword Columnar Substitution Ciphers . . . . . . 9 2.1.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Cryptanalysis of Substitution Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3 Playfair Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4 The Navajo Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3 Transposition Ciphers 29 3.1 Columnar Transposition Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.1.1 Simple Columnar Transposition Ciphers . . . . . . . 30 3.1.2 Keyword Columnar Transposition Ciphers . . . . . . 32 3.1.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.2 Cryptanalysis of Transposition Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.2.1 Cryptanalysis of Simple Columnar Ciphers . . . . . 36 3.2.2 Cryptanalysis of KeywordColumnar Ciphers . . . . 38 3.2.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.3 ADFGX and ADFGVX Ciphers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 v vi CONTENTS 4 The Enigma Machine 47 4.1 The Enigma Cipher Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.1.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.2 Combinatorics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2.1 The Multiplication Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2.2 Permutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.2.3 Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.2.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.3 Security of the Enigma Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.3.1 Number of Initial Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.3.2 Backgroundon Cryptanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.3.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5 The Turing Bombe 83 5.1 Cribs and Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.1.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.2 Loops and Logical Inconsistencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.2.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.3 Searching for the Correct Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.4 The Diagonal Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.4.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.5 The Checking Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.5.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.6 Turnovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.6.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 5.7 Clonking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 5.7.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.8 Final Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 5.8.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 6 Shift and Affine Ciphers 167 6.1 Modular Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 6.1.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 6.2 Shift Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 6.2.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 6.3 Cryptanalysis of Shift Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 6.3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 6.4 Affine Ciphers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.4.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 6.5 Cryptanalysis of Affine Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 6.5.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 CONTENTS vii 7 Alberti and Vigen`ere Ciphers 195 7.1 Alberti Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 7.1.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 7.2 Vigen`ere Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 7.2.1 Vigen`ere Autokey Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 7.2.2 Vigen`ere Keyword Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 7.2.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 7.3 Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 7.3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 7.4 The Friedman Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 7.4.1 The Index of Coincidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 7.4.2 Estimating the Keyword Length . . . . . . . . . . . 220 7.4.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 7.5 The Kasiski Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 7.5.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 7.6 Cryptanalysis of Vigen`ere Keyword Ciphers . . . . . . . . . 226 7.6.1 Finding the Keyword Length Using Signatures . . . 228 7.6.2 Finding the Keyword Letters Using Scrawls . . . . . 233 7.6.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 8 Hill Ciphers 249 8.1 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 8.1.1 Definition and Basic Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . 250 8.1.2 Matrix Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 8.1.3 Identity and Inverse Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 8.1.4 Matrices with Modular Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . 259 8.1.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 8.2 Hill Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 8.2.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 8.3 Cryptanalysis of Hill Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 8.3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 9 RSA Ciphers 283 9.1 Introduction to Public-Key Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 9.1.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 9.2 Introduction to RSA Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 9.2.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 9.3 The Euclidean Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 9.3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 9.4 Modular Exponentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 9.4.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 9.5 ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 9.5.1 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 CONTENTS viii 9.6 RSA Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 9.6.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 9.7 Cryptanalysis of RSA Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 9.7.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 9.8 Primality Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 9.8.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 9.9 Integer Factorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 9.9.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 9.10 The RSA Factoring Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 9.10.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 10 ElGamal Ciphers 323 10.1 The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 10.1.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 10.2 Discrete Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 10.2.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 10.3 ElGamal Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 10.3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 10.4 Cryptanalysis of ElGamal Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 10.4.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 11 The Advanced Encryption Standard 345 11.1 Representations of Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 11.1.1 Binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 11.1.2 Hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 11.1.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 11.2 Stream Ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 11.2.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 11.3 AES Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 11.3.1 Plaintext Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 11.3.2 The S-Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 11.3.3 Key Format and Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 11.3.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 11.4 AES Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 11.4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 11.4.2 The Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 11.4.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 11.5 AES Decryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 11.5.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 11.6 AES Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 11.6.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 CONTENTS ix 12 Message Authentication 399 12.1 RSA Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 12.1.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 12.2 Hash Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 12.2.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 12.3 RSA Signatures with Hashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 12.3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 12.4 The Man-in-the-Middle Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 12.4.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 12.5 Public-Key Infrastructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 12.5.1 Key Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 12.5.2 Web of Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 12.5.3 X.509 Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 12.5.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Bibliography 435 Hints and Answers for Selected Exercises 437 Index 469

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Cryptology classical and modern with maplets PDF

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