Cryptography, Information Theory, and Error-Correction: A Handbook for the 21st Century, 2nd Edition

691 Pages·2021·7.182 MB·English

by  Aiden A. Bruen, Mario A. Forcinito, James M. McQuillan

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Cryptography,
Information Theory
and Error-Correction
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SERIES PAGE TITLE
Acompletelistoftitlesinthisseriesappearsattheendofthisvolume.
WILEY SERIES IN DISCRETE MATHEMATICS AND OPTIMIZATION
AARTSANDKORST
SimulatedAnnealingandBoltzmannMachines:AStochasticApproachtoCombinatorialOptimizationand
NeuralComputing
AARTSANDLENSTRA
LocalSearchinCombinatorialOptimization
ALONANDSPENCER
TheProbabilisticMethod,ThirdEdition
ANDERSONANDNASH
LinearProgramminginInfinite-DimensionalSpaces:TheoryandApplication
ARLINGHAUS,ARLINGHAUS,ANDHARARY
GraphTheoryandGeography:AnInteractiveViewE-Book
AZENCOTT
SimulatedAnnealing:ParallelizationTechniques
BARTHE´LEMYANDGUE´NOCHE
TreesandProximityRepresentations
BAZARRA,JARVIS,ANDSHERALI
LinearProgrammingandNetworkFlows
BRUENANDFORCINITO
Cryptography,InformationTheory,andError-Correction:AHandbookforthe21stCentury
CHANDRUANDHOOKER
OptimizationMethodsforLogicalInference
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CHONGANDZ.AK
AnIntroductiontoOptimization,FourthEdition
COFFMANANDLUEKER
ProbabilisticAnalysisofPackingandPartitioningAlgorithms
COOK,CUNNINGHAM,PULLEYBLANK,ANDSCHRIJVER
CombinatorialOptimization
DASKIN
NetworkandDiscreteLocation:Modes,AlgorithmsandApplications
DINITZANDSTINSON
ContemporaryDesignTheory:ACollectionofSurveys
DUANDKO
TheoryofComputationalComplexity,SecondEdition
ERICKSON
IntroductiontoCombinatorics,SecondEdition
GLOVER,KLINGHAM,ANDPHILLIPS
NetworkModelsinOptimizationandTheirPracticalProblems
GOLSHTEINANDTRETYAKOV
ModifiedLagrangiansandMonotoneMapsinOptimization
GONDRANANDMINOUX
GraphsandAlgorithms(TranslatedbyS.Vajda-)
GRAHAM,ROTHSCHILD,ANDSPENCER
RamseyTheory,SecondEdition
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Cryptography,
Information Theory
and Error-Correction
A Handbook for the 21st Century
Second Edition
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Aiden A. Bruen
Carleton University
Ottawa, Canada
Mario A. Forcinito
AP Dynamics, Inc., and
University of Calgary
Calgary, Canada
James M. McQuillan
Western Illinois University
Macomb, United States
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Thissecondeditionfirstpublished2021
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EditionHistory
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Dedications
Dedicated to the memory of my late parents, Edward A. Bruen and Brid Bean de Bru´n
and to the memory of my late sister Antoinette.
Dedicated also to my siblings Phil and Bernard, to my beloved wife Katri, and to our
children Trevor, Robin, and Merike. (Aiden A. Bruen)
Also dedicated to my parents, Alberto Forcinito and Olga Swystun de Forcinito, my
beloved wife Claudia, and our children Dante, Lucas, and Diego. (Mario A. Forcinito)
Also dedicated to my parents, Archie and Muriel McQuillan, my siblings Dan, Mary,
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and Ian, my beloved wife Joy, and our children Anna and Christopher.
(James M. McQuillan)
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Contents
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition xxiii
Book Website xxv
About the Authors xxvii
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I Mainly Cryptography 1
1 Historical Introduction and the Life and Work of Claude E.
Shannon 3
1.1 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Brief Biography of Claude E. Shannon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Personal – Professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Scientific Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 The Data Encryption Standard Code, DES, 1977–2005 . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Post-Shannon Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Classical Ciphers and Their Cryptanalysis 21
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 The Caesar Cipher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 The Scytale Cipher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 The Vigen`ere Cipher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
vii
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viii CONTENTS
2.5 Frequency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6 Breaking the Vigen`ere Cipher, Babbage–Kasiski . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.7 The Enigma Machine and Its Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.8 Modern Enciphering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.9 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.10 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3 RSA, Key Searches, TLS, and Encrypting Email 47
3.1 The Basic Idea of Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 Public Key Cryptography and RSA on a Calculator . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3 The General RSA Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Public Key Versus Symmetric Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.5 Attacks, Security, Catch-22 of Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.6 Summary of Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.7 The Diffie–Hellman Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.8 Intruder-in-the-MiddleAttackontheDiffie–Hellman(orEllipticCurve)
Key-Exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.9 TLS (Transport Layer Security). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.10 PGP and GPG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
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3.12 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4 The Fundamentals of Modern Cryptography 83
4.1 Encryption Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2 Block Ciphers, Shannon’s Confusion and Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.3 Perfect Secrecy, Stream Ciphers, One-Time Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.4 Hash Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.5 Message Integrity Using Symmetric Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.6 General Public Key Cryptosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.7 Digital Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.8 Modifying Encrypted Data and Homomorphic Encryption . . . . . . . 99
4.9 Quantum Encryption Using Polarized Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.10 Quantum Encryption Using Entanglement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.11 Quantum Key Distribution is Not a Silver Bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.12 Postquantum Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.13 Key Management and Kerberos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.14 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.15 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
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