Cryptographic Obfuscation: A Survey

122 Pages·2020·1.805 MB·English

by  Máté Horváth, Levente Buttyán

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
Máté Horváth · Levente Buttyán
Cryptographic
Obfuscation
A Survey
123
SpringerBriefs in Computer Science
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á é á á
M t Horv th Levente Butty n
•
Cryptographic Obfuscation
A Survey
123
MátéHorváth Levente Buttyán
Department ofNetworked Department ofNetworked
Systems andServices Systems andServices
BudapestUniversity of Technology BudapestUniversity of Technology
andEconomics(BME-HIT) andEconomics(BME-HIT)
Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Hungary
ISSN 2191-5768 ISSN 2191-5776 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inComputer Science
ISBN978-3-319-98040-9 ISBN978-3-319-98041-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98041-6
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Toourteachers
Preface
“TheLordsearcheseveryheartandunderstandseverydesireandeverythought.”
1Chronicles28:9,NIV
Theambitiousgoalofcryptographicobfuscationistohidetheoperationofcom-
puterprograms.Beinganappliedscience,problemsconsideredbycryptographyare
rarelyinvestigatedfromaphilosophicalpointofviewbutinthecaseofobfuscation,
probably it worth spending some time considering the consequences of achieving
thisgoal.Thepossibilityofsecurelyobfuscatingarbitraryfunctionscouldradically
changetherelationshipbetweenhumansandcomputerprograms.Namely,itwould
imply losing our insight into the programs which we have had, at least in princi-
ple, since the writing of the first program code. While this change still seems to
be futuristic, recent cryptographic advancements made it more probable than ever
before.
In 2013 the breakthrough result of Garg, Gentry, Halevi, Raykova, Sahai and
Waters (FOCS 2013) changed the previously pessimistic attitude towards general-
purposecryptographicobfuscation.Theirfindingwastwofold.First,theymanaged
toconstructanobfuscatorcandidatethatworksforanyfunction,whichnonetheless
wasbasedonaratheridealisticassumption,andtheyshowedawaytoaddressthe
problemthathadseemedimpossibleearlier.Butwhatwasprobablyevenmoreim-
portant,theyalsodemonstratedthattheirnewtoolisindeedusefulandcanhelpto
solve other cryptographic problems as well. This latter observation was especially
surprisingasthesecurityguaranteetheyachieved(calledindistinguishabilityobfus-
cation) did not seem to have a practical relevance previously. An avalanche began
andobfuscationbecameacentralhubofcryptographicresearch.CryptologyePrint
Archive,themostactivemanuscriptsharingforumofthecommunity,countedover
190relatedpapersfouryearsafterthebreakthrough,whilebeforethatfewerthan30
dealtwiththetopic.Thepotentialrealizabilityofsuchapowerfultoolmotivateda
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viii Preface
plethoraofapplications,includingsolutionsforlong-standingopenproblems,from
almost all areas of cryptography. At the same time, intense development of candi-
dateconstructionsstartedwiththedoublegoalofbasingthesecurityofobfuscation
onsolidfoundationsandturningitsincredibleoverheadintotolerable.
While these goals were still not achieved when finalizing our manuscript, the
“obfuscation-fever” has already led us much closer to the root of hardness be-
hind encrypted computations. However, looking up and understanding the key
thoughts from an already huge number of articles that themselves are looking for
therightdefinitions,methods,andformulationscanbereallytroublesomeandtime-
consuming. This challenge, which we also had to face, motivated us to review the
rapid development of candidate obfuscator constructions and organize the results
of the first years since the breakthrough. As the field is still changing rapidly, our
work is not intended to be a retrospection but rather a handrail for those who are
fascinatedbytheincredibleopportunitiesofferedbyobfuscationandwouldliketo
catchupwiththelatestresultsbyunderstandingtheirbackground.
Wehopethatoursurveycanreflectthebeautyofthefieldandthereaderwillfind
answersformanyofhisorherquestionsinit.
Budapest, Ma´te´ Horva´th
November2018 LeventeButtya´n
Acknowledgements
First of all, we would like to thank our families for their patience. In this regard,
special thanks goes to Judit. We are grateful to A´gnes Kiss, O¨rs Reba´k and mem-
bersoftheCrySySLabfortheireffortstohelpusimprovethiswork.Weappreciate
thevaluablequestionsandremarksofRyoNishimaki,RanCanetti,ZvikaBraker-
ski and unknown reviewers that either highlighted flaws in earlier versions of our
manuscript or helped us to better understand certain problems. Finally, we would
also like to acknowledge the support of the National Research, Development and
InnovationOffice–NKFIHofHungaryundergrantcontractno.116675(K).
ix
Contents
Glossary ............................................................. xv
1 Introduction..................................................... 1
1.1 GoalsandChallenges......................................... 1
1.2 RelatedConcepts–ABriefComparison........................ 3
1.3 TheCryptographicApproach.................................. 5
1.4 MilestonesinCryptographicObfuscation....................... 7
1.5 ThisSurveyandRelatedLiterature............................. 9
1.5.1 Organization. ......................................... 9
1.5.2 RelatedWork. ........................................ 9
1.5.3 OntheUsedNotation. ................................. 9
2 Background ..................................................... 11
2.1 RepresentationofPrograms ................................... 11
2.1.1 TheCircuitModelofComputation...................... 11
2.1.2 MatrixBranchingPrograms ............................ 12
2.2 TheCryptographicPrimitivesUsed ............................ 14
2.2.1 FullyHomomorphicEncryption ........................ 14
2.2.2 FunctionalEncryption ................................. 14
2.2.3 RandomizedEncodings................................ 16
2.2.4 MultilinearMapsandGradedEncodings................. 17
2.2.5 SimpleandEfficientPseudo-RandomGenerators ......... 20
2.2.6 PuncturablePseudo-RandomFunctions.................. 21
2.3 BehindtheScenesofSecurityProofs:AssumptionsandSecurity
Models ..................................................... 22
2.3.1 On the “Desirable” and Actual Assumptions behind
Obfuscation .......................................... 22
2.3.2 TheIdeaofIdealModels............................... 24
2.3.3 IdealizationsvsReality:CriticismandInterpretations ..... 25
2.3.4 VariantsofIdealGESModels .......................... 26
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