Table Of ContentCRYOCOOLERS 9
A publication of the International Cryocooler Conference
CRYOCOOLERS 9
Edited by
R. G. Ross, Jr.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Llbrerv af Cangr ••• C_telaglng-In-Publlc_tlan Dat_
InternatIonal Cryocooler Conferenca (9th : 1996 Hatervl11e Valley,
N.H.l
Cryocoolars 9 I edlted by R.G. Ross, ~r.
p. CI.
At head of tltle: A publlcatlon of the InternatIonal Cryocoolar
Conference.
"Proceedlngs of the 9th InternatIonal Cryocooler Conference, held
~une 25-27, 1996. In Hatervl11a Valley, New Halpshlre"--T.p. verso.
Includes blbllographlcal refarancas Ind lndexes.
ISBN 978-1-4613-7691-0 ISBN 978-1-4615-5869-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5869-9
1. LaN telperatura anglnaerlng--Congrasses. 1. Ross. R. G.
(Ronald Grlersonl. 1942- II. Tltle.
TP480.I45 1996
621.5'S--dc21 97-9269
CIP
Proceedings of the 9th International Cryocooler Conference, held June 25 - 27, 1996,
in Waterville Valley, New Hampshire
ISBN 0-306-45511-0
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1997
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York 1997
http://www.plenum.com
10987654321
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from the Publisher
Preface
The lasttwo years have witnessedanexplosion in interest inpulsetube cryocoolers follow
ing the achievement by TRW of high efficiency long-life pulse tube cryocoolers based on the
flexure-bearingStirling-coolercompressorsfromOxfordUniversity,andhaveseenthe initiation
ofdevelopmentoflong-life, low-costcryocoolers for the emerging high temperature supercon
ductorelectronicsmarket. HydrogensorptioncryocoolersachievedtheirfirstoperationinSpace
this year, and closed-cycle helium Joule-Thomson cryocoolers continue to make progress in
promising long-life space applications in the 4Ktemperature range. On the commercial front,
Gifford-McMahoncryocoolerswithrareearthregeneratorsaremakinggreatprogress inopening
up the4 Kmarket, and newclosed-cycle J-Tor throttle-cyclerefrigerators are takingadvantage
ofmixed refrigerant gases toachieve low-costcryocooler systems in the 65 - 80Ktemperature
range. TacticalStirlingcryocoolers, nowcommonplaceinthedefense industry, continueto find
application inanumberofcost-constrainedcommercial applications andspace missions, butare
shrinking in numbers as the defense industry goes through aperiod ofconsolidation.
Building on the expanding stable ofavailable cryocoolers, numerous new applications are
beingenabled; manyofthese involveinfrared imagingsystems, and high-temperaturesupercon
ductors in the medical and communications fields. Application experiments, designed to ex
plore,troubleshootandresolveproductintegrationissues, continuetooccuronaneverwidening
front, particularly in the fields ofinfrared imagingand spectroscopy, gamma-ray spectroscopy,
and high-temperaturesuperconductorapplications. An importantlessonis thatintegratingcryo
genic systems requires care and thoughtfulness in a broad range ofengineering and scientific
disciplines. In this regard, thevibrationsensitivityofmany ofthe infraredand medical imaging
applications has led to the recognition thatcryocooler-generated vibrationand EMI is a critical
performance parameter for these applications. In response, several ofthe application experi
ments involve the measurement ofvibration and EMI susceptibility, and the development of
advanced closed-loop activevibrationcontrol systems.
This bookdrawsupontheworkofmanyofthe internationalexperts inthefield ofcryocool
ers, and is based on their contributions at the 9th International Cryocooler Conference, held in
Waterville Valley, New Hampshire, inJune 1996. Theprogramofthis conferenceconsistedof
124 papers. Of these, 106 are published here in Cryocoolers 9. Although this is the ninth
meetingofthe conference, which has metevery two years since 1980, the authors' works have
only been made available to the public in hardcover book form since 1994. This book is the
second hardcover volume ofwhat we hope will be a series ofprofessional texts for users and
developers ofcryocoolers. Prior to 1994, proceedings ofthe International Cryocooler Confer
ence were published as informal reports by the particular government organization sponsoring
the conference - typically a different organization for each conference. A listing ofprevious
conferenceproceedings is presented in the Proceedings Index, atthe rearofthis book. Mostof
theprevious proceedings wereprinted in limited quantityand are outofprintat this time.
Becausethis bookisdesignedtobeanarchival referencefor usersofcryocoolersas muchas
for developers ofcryocoolers, extra effort has been made to provide a thorough Subject Index
that covers the referenced cryocoolers by type and manufacturer's name, as well as by the
v
vi PREFACE
scientific or engineering subject matter. Extensive referencing oftestand measurementdata is
included in the Subject Index under a wide variety of performance topics. Examples include
refrigeration performance data, complete cryocooler characterization test data, vibration and
EMI measurements,andqualificationand lifetestexperience. Applicationand integrationexpe
rience isalsohighlightedbyspecificindexentries. Toaidethoseattemptingtolocateaparticular
contributor's work, a separate Author Index is also provided, listing all authors and coauthors.
Contributingorganizationsare listedintheSubject Index toassistinfinding theworkofaknown
institution, laboratory, orcryocooler manufacturer.
The content of the book is organized into 15 chapters by cryocooler type, starting with
Stirling cryocoolers, pulse tube cryocoolers, and associated research. Next, Brayton, Joule
Thomsonandsorptioncryocoolersarecoveredinaprogressionofloweringtemperatures. Gifford
McMahoncryocoolersand low-temperatureregenerators inthe4to toKrangearecovered next,
followed byaglimpse into the future with miniaturesolid-staterefrigerators receiving increased
interest in the laboratory. The last three chapters deal with cryocooler integration technologies
and experiencetodate ina numberofrepresentativeapplications. Thearticles in these lastthree
chapterscontaina wealth ofinformation for the potential userofcryocoolers, as well as for the
developer.
It is hoped that this book will serveasa valuablesourceofreference toall those faced with
the challenges of taking advantage of the enabling physics ofcryogenics temperatures. The
expandingavailabilityoflow-eost, reliablecryocoolers is making majoradvances inanumberof
fields.
Ronald G. Ross, Jr.
Jet PropulsionLaboratory
California InstituteofTechnology
Acknowledgments
The International Cryocooler Conference Board wishes to thank Creare Inc., which hosted
the 9th ICC, and to express its deepest appreciation to the Conference Organizing Committee,
whose members dedicated many hours to organizing and managing the conduct ofthe Confer
ence. Membersofthe Organizing Committee and Board for the 9th ICC include:
CONFERENCECO-CHAIRS PROGRAMCOMMITIEE
walterSWift,CreareInc. AlanCrunkleton,Consultant
MarkoStoyanof,AFPhillipsLab DeanJohnson,JetPropulsionLab
PeterJones,AerospaceCorp.
peterKittel, NASA/ARC
CONFERENCEADMINISTRATOR
MartinNlsenoff,NRL
Kathleencassedy,CreareinC.
Doddstacy,creareinC.
EmanualTWard, now
PROGRAMCHAIRMAN
RalphLongsworth,APDCryogenics ADVISORYBOARD
Stephencastles, NASA/GSFC
CONFERENCESECRETARY TakasuHashimoto,TokyoUnlv.
JillBruning,NicholsResearchCorp. ChrisJewell,ESA
PeterKerney, cnCryogenics
MartinNlsenoff,NRL
PUBLICATIONS
GeorgeRobinson, NRC
RonROSS,JetPropulsionLab JosephSmith,MIT
Michaelsuperczynskl, NSWC
TREASURER KlausTlmmerhaus, U. ofColorado
RayRadebaugh,MST JiaHuaXiao,ChineseAcad.ofScience
In addition to the Committee and Board, key staffpersonnel made invaluablecontributions
to the preparations and conduct of the conference. Special recognition is due K. Alexander,
D. Kametz, C. Kerney, W. Sixsmith, C. Stoyanof, and K. Swift.
vii
Contents
Government Cryocooler Development Programs 1
An Overview ofAir Force Phillips Laboratory Cryocooler Programs
L.D. Cra~ordandCM. Kalivoda, PhillipsLaboratory, KirtlandAFB, NM;
D.S. Glaister.AerospaceCorp., Albuquerque. NM
A Case Study ofa Successful Cryogenic Cooler Development Program ....... 11
S. Castles, NASAIGSFC, Greenbelt. MD
The DOD Family ofLinear Drive Coolers for Weapon Systems 17
H. Dunmireand1. Shaffer, NightVision& ElectronicSensors, FortBelvoir. VA
And What about Cryogenic Refrigeration? 25
M. NisenojJ, NRL. Washington. DC;F. PattenandS.A. Wolf, DARPA.Arlington, VA
Space Stirling Cryocooler Developments 29
Prototype Spacecraft Cryocooler Progress 29
K.D. Price, M.C Barr, andG. Kratner. HughesAircraftCo.. ElSegundo, CA
Hughes Aircraft Company SSC I & II Performance Mapping Results 35
T. Roberts. PhillipsLaboratory, KirtlandAFB, NM;J. Bruning, NRCConsultant.
Leasburg. MO
Development and Demonstration of the Creare 65K Standard Space-
craft Cryocooler 45
W.D. Stacy, Creare. Hanover. NH; T. PiLfOn.A. GilbenandJ. Bruning, Phillips
Laboratory. KirtlandAFB, NM
Test Results for the BaD Single-Stage Advanced Flight Prototype
Cryocooler ........................................................... 55
w.J. Horsley, D.W. SimmonsandJ.A. Wells, BallAerospace, Boulder. CO
The Batch Manufacture ofStirling-Cycle Coolers for Space Appli-
cations Including Test, Qualification, and Integration Issues 59
B.G. Jones, S.R. Scull, MatraMarconiSpace. UK;andC Jewell, ESA. The
NETHERLANDS
System Test Performance for the Ball Two-Stage Stirling-Cycle
Cryocooler . 69
D. Berry, H. Carrington. W1. Gully. M. LuebbertandM. Hubbard. Ball
Aerospace, Boulder, CO
ix
x CONTENTS
Improvements to the Cooling Power ofa Space Qualified Two-Stage
Stirling Cycle Cooler 79
T.W. Bradshflw, A.H. Or/owska, RAL, UK; C Jewell, ESA. TheNETHERLANDS;
B.G. JonesandS. Scull, MMS, UK
Design and Development ofa 20K Stirling-Cycle Cooler for FIRST 89
S.R. Scull. B.G. Jones, MaJraMarconiSpace, UK;T.W. Bradshflw, A.H. Or/owska.
RutherfordAppletonLahoraJory, UK;andC/.Jewell, ESA, TheNETHERLANDS
TacticallCQmmercial Stirling Cryocoolers 97
Path to Low Cost and High Reliability Stirling Coolers 97
v. Loung, A. O'BaidandS. Harper, SuperconductorTechnologies, Inc., Santa
Barbara, CA
Miniature Long Life Tactical Stirling Cryocoolers ......................... 109
CR. AubonandN.R. Peters. TheHymaticEngineeringCo., Worcestershire. UK
Experimental and Predicted Performance ofthe BEl Mini-Linear Cooler 119
D.T. Kuo, A.S.LocandS.W.K. Yuan, BElSensorsandSystemsCo., Sylmar, CA
Space Qualification Test Plan Development, Implementation, and
Results for the STRV-2 l.O-watt Tactical Cryocooler . 127
K.S. Moser, NRC,Albuquerque, NM;T.P. Roberts, PhillipsLaboratory, KirtlmuJ
AFB, NM;andR.M. Rawlings, TexasInstruments, Dallas, TX
Stirling Cryocooler Research and Theory 139
Reduction of Surface Heat Pumping Effect in Split-Stirling Cryocoolers 139
A.A.J.Benschop, F.Cv. WordragenandP.C Bruins. Signaal-USFA. Eindhoven,
TheNETHERLANDS
A Stirling Cycle Analysis with Gas-WaD Heat Transfer in Compressor
and Expander 147
J.S. Park, H.-M. Chang, HonglkUniversity, Seoul, KOREA
Cyclic Simulation ofStirling Cryogenerator with Two-Component
Two-Phase Fluid. .................................................... 157
K.P. PadwardhanandS.L. Bapat, IndianInstituteifTechno/ogy,Bombay, INDIA
Cryocooler Transient Performance Modeling ............................. 163
T. Roberts, PhillipsLaboratory, KirtlmuJAFB, NM
Pulse-tube Cryocooler Developments 173
New Mid-Size High EfficiencyPulseTube Coolers 173
W.W. BurtandCK. Chan. ~W, RedondoBeach, CA
Performance Characterization of the TRW 3503 and 6020 Pulse Tube
Coolers 183
D. L.Johnson, S.A. Collins, M. K. Heun, andR. G. Ross, Jr., JPL, Pasadena, 01
CONTENTS xi
Performance of the AIRS Pulse Tube Engineering Model Cryocooler 195
c.K. Chmr. C. Carlson. R. Colben. T. Nguyen. J. RanbandM. Waterman. TRW.
RedondoBeach. CA
Advanced Pulse Tube Cold Head Development . 203
C.K. Chan. C. Joco. andT. Nguyen. 'TRW. RedondoBeach. CA
50-80K Pulse Tube Cryocooler Development. ............................ 213
L. Duband. A. Ravex. CENG/SBT. FRANCE; T. Bradshaw. A. Orlowska. Rutheiford
AppletonLaboratory. UK; C. Jewell. ESA. TheNETHERLANDS;B. Jones. Matra
MarconiSpace. UK
80K Miniature Pulse Tube Refrigerator Performance 223
M. David. AirLiquide. Sassenage. J-CMarechal. EcoleNormaleSuperieure.
Paris. FRANCE
Development ofa Low-Cost Cryocooler for HTS Applications 229
S.C. Russo. G.R. Pruitt. HughesAircraftCo..EISegundo. CA
An Experimental Investigation ofthe Pulse Tube Refrigerator 239
D.Y. Koh. S.J. Park. S.J. Lee. H.K. Yeom. Y.1. HongandS.K. Jeong. KoreaInstitute
ofMachineryandMaterials. Daejeon. KOREA
PulseTube Refrigerator aDd Nitrogen Liquefier with Active Buffer System. .. 247
Y. Kaldmi. S.W. Zllu, T. Ishige. K. Fujioka. DaidoHoxan. JAPAN;andY. Matsubara.
Nihon Univ.• JAPAN
Two-Stage Double-Inlet Pulse Tube Refrigerator down to 10 K ............. 255
S. Wilil. L.R. Oellrich. Univ. Karlsruhe;andA. Hofmann. Forschungszentrum
KarL~ruhe. GERMANY
Pulse Tube Cryocooler Configuration Investigations 261
Early Pulse Tube Refrigerator Developments 261
R.C. Longnvonh. APDCryogenics. Allentown. PA
PhaseShift Effectofthe Long NeckTubeforthe PulseTubeRefrigerator 269
S.W. Z1lu. DaidoHoxan. lharald. JAPAN;S.L.Zllou. N. Yoshimuraand
Y. Matsubara. NihonUniv.• Chiba. JAPAN
ExperimentalStudyonthePulseTubeRefrigeratorwithTwoReliefValves 279
Y. Hagiwara. S. Yatuzuka. andS. Ito. AdvancedMobileTelecommunication
TechnologyInc.. JAPAN
Experimentson the EffectsofPulseTubeGeometryonPTRPerformance 285
C.S. Kirkconnell, S.C. Soloski. andK.D. Price, HughesAircraftCo.• EISegundo. CA
An Experimental Investigation ofa Single-Stage Two-Pulse-Tube
Refrigerator ......................................................... 295
1. Yuan, J.M. Pfotenhauer, Univ. ofWisconsin. Madison. WI
UCLA Pulse Tube Investigations ........................................ 301
K.V. Ravikurnar, S. Yoshida, N.S. Myung, P. Karlmann, S. Sapitkl, B.Dransan.
T. NguyenandT.H.K. Frederking. UCLA, LosAngeles. CA
xii CONTENTS
Reversible Cycle Piston Pulse Tube Cryocooler ........................... 309
A.L. Johnson, ElectroThermoAssociates, DeerHarbor, WA
Isothermal Model ofa Warm Expander Pulse Tube 319
M.M. Peters, G.D. Peskett, andM.C. Brito, UniversityofOxford, UK
Pulse-tube Modeling and Diagnostic Measurements 327
A Simple Modeling Program for Orifice Pulse Tube Coolers 327
P.R. Roach, NASA/ARC, MoffettField, CA;A. Kashani, AtlosScientific,
Sunnyvale, CA
A One-Dimensional Model ofHigh-Frequency Pulse Tube Heat and
MassFlows 335
C.S. Kirkconnell, HughesAircraftCo., EISegundo, CA; G.T. Colwell, Georgia
InstituteofTechnology, Atlanta, GA
Higher Order Pulse Tube Modeling 345
J.M. Lee, P. Kittel, NASA/ARC, MoffettField, CA; K.D. Timmerhaus, Univ. of
Colorado;andR. Radebaugh, NIST, Boulder, CO
Visualization Study ofVelocity Profiles and Displacements ofWorking
Gas Inside a Pulse Tube Refrigerator 355
M. Shiraishi, MIT/, JAPAN;N. Nakamura, K. Seo, andM. Murakami, Univ. of
Tsukuba, JAPAN
Investigation ofRadial Temperature and Velocity Profiles in
Oscillating Flows Inside a Pulse Tube Refrigerator ...................... 365
K. Seo, N. Nakamura, andM. Murakami, Univ. ofTsukuba;andM. Shiraishi,
MITI, JAPAN
An Experimental Investigation of How the Heat Pumping Mechanism
in a Pulse Tube Changes with Frequency 375
B.E. EvansandR.N. Richardson, Univ. ofSouthampton, UK
DC Gas Flows in Stirling and PulseTube Cryocoolers . 385
D. Gedeon, GedeonAssoc., Athens, OH
Convective Heat Losses in Pulse Tube Coolers: Effect ofPulse Tube
Inclination .......................................................... 393
G. Thummes, M. Schreiber, R. LandgrafandC. Heiden, Univ. ofGiessen,
GERMANY
Generic Stirling/PT Components Development 403
Advanced Compressor for Long-Life Cryocoolers 403
P.W. Curwen, Consultant, andW.D. Waldron, MTI. Latham, NY
Flexure Bearing Analysis Procedures and Design Charts ................... 413
c.c. LeeandR.B. Pan, AerospaceCorp., LosAngeles, CA
Investigation ofGas Effects on Cryocooler Resonance Characteristics 421
M.K. Heun, SA. Collins, D.L.Johnson, andR.G. Ross, Jr., JPL, Pasadena, CA
