Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917

233 Pages·1995·18.88 MB·English

by  Kathleen L. Lodwick

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CRUSADERS
AGAINST
OPIUM
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CRUSADERS
AGAINST
OPIUM
Protestant Missionaries
in China, 1874-1917
KATHLEEN L. LODWICK
THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY
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Copyright © 1996 by The University Press of Kentucky
Paperback edition 2009
The University Press of Kentucky
Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth,
serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre
College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University,
The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College,
Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University,
Morehead State University, Murray State University,
Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University,
University of Kentucky, University of Louisville,
and Western Kentucky University.
All rights reserved.
Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky
663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008
www.kentuckypress.com
Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from
the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-8131-9285-7 (pbk: acid-free paper)
This book is printed on acid-free recycled paper meeting
the requirements of the American National Standard
for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Member of the Association of
American University Presses
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This book is dedicated to the memory of
my maternal grandparents:
Edith Tremayne Worthington, 1882-1972,
who always encouraged my love of reading,
and Edward Stephen Worthington, 1879-1954,
who, though our years overlapped but few, never refused
my request to hear again the story his grandfather had
told him of Edward Worthington, who had served as
paymaster for George Rogers Clark at the battle of
Vincennes in the American Revolution. Grandfather's
story always ended as he carefully unrolled his photostatic
copy of the payroll he had obtained at the National
Archives and helped me read the handwriting of our
long-ago ancestor, then a very real person to both of us.
Thus I came to know and love history.
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Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
ONE Opium in China in the Late Nineteenth Century 11
TWO Missionaries Organize to Oppose Opium 27
THREE The Pro-Opium Forces and Government
Investigations 72
FOUR The Anti-Opium Lobby Comes of Age 116
FIVE Success and Failures of Opium Suppression 148
Conclusion 181
Appendix 186
Notes 188
Bibliography 203
Index 210
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Acknowledgments
Opium suppression in China, and particularly the role of
Protestant missionaries in it, is a subject that has drawn my
attention from time to time over many years. I first worked
on the subject as part of my dissertation at the University
of Arizona but later was distracted from the subject by the
periodical The Chinese Recorder through which the mission
aries had organized their anti-opium campaigns. A National
Endowment for the Humanities grant led me to work on
an index to The Chinese Recorder for a number of years, the
first of which I spent at the John King Fairbank Center for
East Asian Research at Harvard University. During that year,
1978-79, the Chinese-made film, titled in English, The opium
War was shown in Cambridge and became the topic of lunch
time conversations as more and more people at the Fairbank
Center viewed it. In one of these conversations, Professor
Benjamin Schwartz remarked that one thing we still did not
know was why so many Chinese had taken to opium at that
moment in their history. That remark stayed with me over
the years, and although I moved on to other topics, namely
Educating the Women of Hainan: The Career of Margaret
Moninger in China, 1915-1942 (University Press of Kentucky,
1995) and a history of the Presbyterian mission on Hainan
island on which I am still working, I never gave up my in
terest in the topic of opium suppression. From time to time
as I studied various aspects of the missionaries' anti-opium
activities, I was increasingly struck by the similarities of the
arguments about drugs a century ago in China to those in
the news media in the United States today.
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