Table Of ContentTHE HENRY L. STIMSON LECTURES SERIES
Crusade and Jihad
THE THOUSAND-YEAR WAR BETWEEN THE MUSLIM
WORLD AND THE GLOBAL NORTH
William R. Polk
The Henry L. Stimson Lectures at the Whitney and Betty MacMillan
Center for International and Area Studies at Yale.
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For Landrum Bolling
A lifelong seeker of peace and understanding,
a Friend and a friend,
a truly great human being
And for Hassan Fathy
Architect for the poor who taught those who would
listen how to meet their need for shelter in beauty
with the soil under their feet
To be ignorant of the past is to be forever a child.
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO
The destruction of the past is one of the most characteristic and eerie phenomena
of the late 20th century. Most young men and women
at the century’s end grow up in a sort of permanent present lacking
any organic relation to the public past of the times they live in.
ERIC HOBSBAWM, “The Short 20th Century,”
Independent on Sunday, October 9, 1994
Contents
Introduction
Part One
GLORIOUS MEMORIES AND AGONIZING AWAKENING
1 The Social, Economic, and Cultural Bases of Islam
2 Muhammad the Messenger and His Message
3 The Caliphate and the Conquests
4 The Great Days of the Caliphates and the Evolution of Islam
5 The North Moves South
Part Two
THE RESPONSES OF TRADITIONAL MUSLIM SOCIETIES
6 Sultan Selim III, Napoleon, and Mehmet Ali
7 French Invasion and Algerian Resistance
8 The British Conquest of India and the Sepoy Revolt
9 Chechen Imam Shamil Resists Russian Imperialism
10 Bankers on Horseback
11 Sudanese Mahdiyah and the British Conquest
12 Sanusiyah Imam Umar al-Mukhtar against Italian Genocide
13 The Riff War and Abd al-Karim in Morocco
14 The Aceh War and Dutch Imperialism
15 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and the Muslim Awakening
Part Three
THE SHIFT TO SECULAR NATIONALISM
16 The Struggle to Define Identity
17 The First Iranian Revolution
18 The First World War
19 The Postwar Middle East
20 Palestine, the Much Promised Land
21 Turkey and Atatürk
22 Reza Shah of Iran
23 Islam in India and the Formation of Pakistan
24 Kashmir, the Palestine of Central Asia
25 Islam in Southeast Asia
26 Afghanistan’s Centuries of Resistance
27 The Silk Road
28 The Algerian Revolution
29 Nasser and Arabiyah
30 Saddam Husain and Iraq
Part Four
THE REASSERTION OF ISLAM
31 Iran, the Revolutionary Shiah Muslim State
32 The Muslim Brotherhood
33 The Philosopher of the Muslim Revolt, Sayyid Qutb
34 Palestine: Wars, Diaspora, and Failed State
35 Hizbullah, Stateless Nation
36 Gaza and Hamas
37 The Uyghurs and Chinese Islam
Part Five
MILITANT ISLAM
38 The Moro “Rebellion” in the Philippines
39 Somalia, the “Failed State,”
40 Boko Haram and Nigeria
41 Usama bin Ladin and al-Qaida
42 The Islamic State
Part Six
AFTERWORD: THE PARABLE OF THE BLIND BRAHMINS
43 Trunks and Tails
44 What the North Did to the South
45 What the South Did to Itself
46 Where We Are Now and Where We Can Go
Notes
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Index
Introduction
I believe that an author owes his reader several obligations. First, he should
reveal how he learned what he writes. Second, he should say why what he writes
about is worth reading. Third, he should provide a sort of roadmap on the themes
that tie together the events he describes. And fourth, he should make clear the
theses he puts forward. Here I will try to honor my obligations to you.
I am writing from the perspective of nearly seventy years of research and
observation. I have lived in or visited the countries I examine and have had the
opportunity to discuss their inhabitants’ thoughts and actions with a number of
leaders, journalists, academics, government officials, and such wise observers as
taxi drivers and shopkeepers.
My vision has been affected, for better or for worse, by studying at a number
of universities—including Oxford, Harvard, the American University of Beirut,
and the University of Baghdad—teaching students and interacting with
colleagues at Harvard and the University of Chicago and lecturing or attending
conferences and symposiums at more than twenty other American universities
and such organizations as the Council on Foreign Relations, the Royal Institute
of International Affairs (Chatham House), Sciences Po, the Institute of World
Economy and International Affairs of the (then) Soviet Academy of Sciences,
the Middle East Institute, the American Association of Middle Eastern Studies,
St. Antony’s College, Oxford, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Ventilating my opinions among them brought forth suggestions and criticisms
that have been of great value in the refinement of my own.
As president of the Adlai Stevenson Institute of International Affairs, I had
sustained contact over years with the institute’s fellows. They included men and
women of extraordinary experience and great knowledge, including former UN
secretary general U Thant, Lord Caradon of the British Foreign Office, soon-to-
be prime minister Evgeni Primakov of Russia, former deputy prime minister
Abdel Keyeum of Afghanistan, former foreign minister of Ghana Fed Arkhurst,
former commander of the UN Emergency Force (UNEF) General Indar Rikkye,
former vice president of the Inter-American Development Bank and later mayor
of Bogota Enrique Peñalosa, founder and head of the UN Environment Program
