Table Of ContentMaterials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials
Jince Thomas
Sabu Thomas
Zakiah Ahmad Editors
Crosslinkable
Polyethylene
Based
Blends and
Nanocomposites
Materials Horizons: From Nature
to Nanomaterials
Series Editor
Vijay Kumar Thakur, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing,
Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
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Jince Thomas Sabu Thomas Zakiah Ahmad
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Editors
Crosslinkable Polyethylene
Based Blends
and Nanocomposites
1 3
Editors
Jince Thomas SabuThomas
Research andPost Graduate Department International andInter University Centre
of Chemistry for Nanoscience andNanotechnology
St.Berchmans College andSchoolof Energy Materials
Changanassery, Kerala, India Mahatma Gandhi University
Kottayam, Kerala, India
Zakiah Ahmad
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti TeknologiMara
ShahAlam, Selangor, Malaysia
ISSN 25245384 ISSN 25245392 (electronic)
Materials Horizons:From Nature toNanomaterials
ISBN9789811604850 ISBN9789811604867 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/9789811604867
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021
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Preface
The book titled Crosslinkable Polyethylene Based Blends and Nanocomposites
outlinesthelatesttechnologicalandscientificresearchaccomplishmentsinthearea
ofcross-linkedpolyethylene(XLPE)blendsandnanocomposites.Encompassedin
thebookarepresentationsofstateofartinXLPEblendsandnanocomposites,types
of nanoparticles used in XLPE blends and nanocomposites, new challenges, and
opportunities.AlsodiscussedarethecriticalissuesinXLPEnanocomposites,their
general usages and commercial significance. Other topics enclosed are the lumi-
nescence studies in XLPE and modified XLPE and their morphological, mechan-
ical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties, XLPE versus conventional materials,
theoretical studies on XLPE nanocomposites. As the title specifies the book
emphasizes numerous facets of XLPE based blend & nanocomposites and their
outputs to the society.
This novel book aids as an up to date record on the vital findings, studies, and
creationofXLPEbasedblend&nanocompositestopowercableinsulationfield.It
isaimedtosupportasapioneerreferenceresourceforinsulationindustryaswellas
in science fields. The various chapters in this book are contributed by prominent
researchers from academe, industry, and government-private research laboratories
across the world. This book is a very valuable reference source for university and
college faculties, professionals, post-doctoral research fellows, senior graduate
students and researchers (from R&D laboratories) who are working in the area of
automobiles, energy resources, aviation etc.
Chapter 1 delivers a comprehensive outline and an overview of XLPE based
blends and their nanocomposites and introduces the general methods for the fab-
ricationofblendsandnanocomposites.OpportunitiesandthesignificanceonXLPE
blends and nanocomposites, and different types of applications are also mentioned
on this chapter. Chapter 2 discussed the studies on XLPE nanocomposites and
blends. The author explains the preparation and types of nanoparticles used in
XLPEmatrix.Chapter3providesthedifferenttechniquesusedfortheincorporation
inorganic nanoparticles to XLPE systems. The authors also mentioned the surface
modification process of inorganic nanoparticles and their intercalation and exfoli-
ation process.
v
vi Preface
Chapter4focusesthecriticalissuesofXLPEbasednanocompositesandblends
duringtheprocessingandinstallationtime.Chapter5presentsthecommonusages
of XLPE based nanocomposites and blends systems. In Chap. 6, advanced char-
acterization techniques in XLPE and modified XLPE. In this chapter the authors
reviewthebenefitofluminescencestudiesinXLPEsystems.Theproceduresforthe
luminescenceanalysisinXLPEandXLPEcompoundsandtheiroutcomesarealso
correlatedonthischapter.MorphologicalandmechanicalpropertiesofXLPEbased
nanocomposites and blends are discussed in Chap. 7. This chapter indicates the
dynamic and static mechanical properties of XLPE based nanocomposites and
blends. Chapter 8 presents the thermal and flame-retardant properties of XLPE
based nanocomposites and blends.
Potential importance of XLPE based nanocomposites and blends are discussed
in Chap. 9. Chapter 10 discusses XLPE versus conventional materials in electrical
insulation fields. This chapter includes various discussions on evolution of power
cable, AC and DC cable insulation techniques. Computational studies on XLPE
basednanocompositesandblendsarediscussedinChap. 11.Chapter12discussed
the XLPE based products available in markets and their applications. Research
developments and the production of XLPE based nanocomposites and blends
discussed in Chap. 13. This chapter analyzes the research papers on XLPE
nanocomposites and blends published by academic journals mainly from 2005 to
2020yearindetail.FinalChap.(14)onthisbookpresentstherisksandlimitations
associated with XLPE based nanocomposites and blends. In this chapter risks,
challenges, and constraints associated with electrical issues, crosslinking agents,
recyclability, surface characteristics, and aging behaviors on XLPE based
nanocomposites and blends have been analyzed.
Finally, Thanks to God for the successful accomplishment of this book and the
editorswouldliketoconveytheirsincereappreciationtoallthecontributorsofthis
book who provided excellent support for the fruitful completion of this endeavor.
We appreciate them for their commitment and the genuineness for their contribu-
tions to this book. Especially we thanks to Dr. Gilbert Teyssedre, Dr. Notingher
Petru, Dr. Mohsen Mohseni, Dr. Harry Orton for the review process of chapters.
We would like to acknowledge all the other reviewers who have taken their
valuabletimetomakecriticalcommentsoneachchapter.Wealsoacknowledgethe
assistance of Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Kottayam, India Jince Thomas
Sabu Thomas
Contents
1 An Overview of XLPE-Based Blends and Nanocomposites. . . . . . . 1
Jince Thomas, Minu Elizabeth Thomas, and Sabu Thomas
2 Types of Nanoparticles Used in XLPE Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Karakkad P. Sajesha
3 Different Techniques Used for the Incorporation of Inorganic
Nanoparticles in XLPE Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Athulya Pillai and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
4 Critical Issues in XLPE-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
and Their Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Abdallah Hedir, Omar Lamrous, Issouf Fofana, Ferhat Slimani,
and Mustapha Moudoud
5 General Applications of XLPE Nanocomposites and Blends. . . . . . 85
Divya Radha, Jisha S. Lal, K. Asha Krishnan, and K. S. Devaky
6 Advanced Characterization Techniques Based on Luminescence
in XLPE and Modified XLPE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Gilbert Teyssèdre, Christian Laurent, and Bo Qiao
7 XLPE Nanocomposites and Blends: Morphology
and Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
K. C. Nimitha, Jiji Abraham, Soney C. George, and Sabu Thomas
8 Thermal and Flame Retardant Properties of XLPE
Nanocomposites and Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Jiji Abraham, K. C. Nimitha, Soney C. George, and Sabu Thomas
9 Potential Applications of XLPE Nanocomposites in the Field
of Cable Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
R. Jose Varghese, L. Vidya, Tomy Muringayil Joseph,
Apparao Gudimalla, G. Harini Bhuvaneswari, and Sabu Thomas
vii
viii Contents
10 Electrical Insulation: XLPE Versus Conventional Materials. . . . . . 215
Petru V. Noțingher, Cristina Stancu, and Ilona Pleșa
11 Theoretical Aspects of XLPE-Based Blends
and Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Minu Elizabeth Thomas, Rajamani Vidya, Jince Thomas,
and Zakiah Ahmad
12 XLPE-Based Products Available in the Market
and Their Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Detlef Wald and Harry Orton
13 Research Developments in XLPE Nanocomposites and Their
Blends: Published Papers, Patents, and Production . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
YinghuiHan,ZhiwenXue,DongtaoLiu,FengGao,XiaosongYang,
WenchaoDong,JunxiuZhou,GuodongJiang,JunzheLin,YifeiXia,
and Huanhuan Luo
14 Risks and Limitations Associated with XLPE
Nanocomposites and Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Navid Mostofi Sarkari, Mohsen Mohseni, and Morteza Ebrahimi
About the Editors
Jince Thomas received his Master’s degree in Polymer Chemistry in 2012 and
M.Tech. in Polymer Science and Technology in 2014 from Mahatma Gandhi
University (MGU), India. He conducted his doctoral research at MGU in the
research group of Prof. Sabu Thomas, the present Vice Chancellor of MGU, and
Prof. Bejoy Francis (Ph.D. Guide), Assistant Professor, St. Berchmans College,
India.HewasavisitingstudentattheUniversityofTennessee(Knoxville)in2014
and a project trainee at the International and Inter University Centre for
Nanoscience&Nanotechnology,MGU,during2015 2016.Heworkedasaproject
assistant in an Indo-Malaysian Project during 2016 2017 in collaboration with
University Technology Mara, Malaysia. He also worked as a visiting student
in Ariel University, Israel. He has contributed to numerous publications, book
chapters, and books. His research interest focuses on polymer and polymer
nanocomposites.
Prof. Sabu Thomas is currently Vice Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kerala, India. Professor Thomas is an outstanding leader with sustained interna-
tionalacclaimsforhisworkinNanoscience,PolymerScienceandEngineeringand
Green Materials. Professor Thomas has received more than 30 national and inter-
national awards. He has published over 1200 peer reviewed research papers,
reviews, and book chapters. He has co-edited 150 books, and is an inventor of 15
patents. The H index of Prof. Thomas is 108 and has more than 56,000 citations.
Professor Thomas has delivered over 350 plenary/inaugural and invited lectures in
national/internationalmeetingsover40countries.ProfessorThomashassupervised
115 Ph.D. programmes and his students occupy leading positions in academia and
industry in India and abroad.
Prof. Zakiah Ahmad is the Dean of Faculty of Civil Engineering at Universiti
Teknologi Mara. She obtained her Bachelor’s and Master’s at the Memphis State
University (USA), and pursued her Ph.D. in Timber Engineering at the University
of Bath, United Kingdom. Professor Ahmad specialises in timber engineering and
timbercomposites,andherotherinterestincludesnano-polymercompositesaswell
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