Table Of ContentCrossing Linguistic Boundaries
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ii
Crossing Linguistic Boundaries
Systemic, Synchronic and Diachronic
Variation in English
Edited by
Paloma N ú ñ ez-Pertejo, Mar í a Jos é L ó pez-Couso,
Bel é n M én dez-Naya and Javier P é rez-Guerra
iii
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Copyright © Paloma Nú ñ ez-Pertejo, Marí a Jos é L ó pez-Couso, Belé n M é ndez-Naya,
Javier P é rez-Guerra and Contributors, 2020
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Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures ix
List of Contributors x i
Preface xiv
Introduction Paloma N ú ñ ez-Pertejo, Mar ía José L ó pez-Couso,
Bel é n M é ndez-Naya and Javier P é rez-Guerra 1
Part 1 Tensioning the System 13
1 Prosodic Templates in English Idioms and Fixed Expressions
Raymond Hickey 15
2 Word- search as Word- formation? Th e Case of u h and um Gunnel Tottie 29
3 Demonstratives Licensed by Cultural Co- presence Ryan B. Doran and
Gregory Ward 43
4 Th e Fall and Rise of English a ny Nikolaus Ritt, Andreas Baumann and
Christina Pr ö mer 61
5 Revisiting ‘ it -extraposition’: Th e Historical Development of Constructions
with Matrices (i t )/(t here ) b e + Noun Phrase followed by a Complement
Clause K ristin Davidse and An Van linden 81
6 On Grammatical Change and Discourse Environments Bert Cornillie 105
7 Grammaticalizing Adverbs of English: Th e Case of s till Diana M. Lewis 127
Part 2 Synchronic and Diachronic Variation 151
8 How British is Gibraltar English? M anfred Krug, Ole Sch ü tzler and
Valentin Werner 153
9 Singular they in Asian Englishes: A Case of Linguistic Democratization?
Luc í a Loureiro-Porto 187
10 It is important that Mandatives ( should) be studied across Diff erent
World Englishes and from a Construction Grammar Perspective
Marianne Hundt 211
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vi Contents
11 Th e Stative Progressive in Singapore English: A Panchronic Perspective
Debra Ziegeler and Christophe Lenoble 239
Index 267
Tables
2.1 Th e aggregate distribution of u h , um and e r (EHM) in the TIME
Corpus and COCA from the 1960s to the 2000s and frequencies per
million words of text 30
2.2 Cases of word- search with UHM in the SBC sub- corpus 35
4.1 Normalized frequency of any per century (<850 to 1570; data derived
from the HC) 61
4.2 Feature matrix 68
4.3 Normalized frequencies of a ny and one / a ( n ) per million words
(<850 to 1570; data derived from the HC) 71
5.1 Historical data: Complementation constructions with matrices
( it )/(t here ) b e + wonder 84
5.2 Old English data: Complementation constructions with matrices
( it )/(t here ) + be + tweo 85
5.3 Historical data: Complementation constructions with matrices
( it )/( there ) + be + doubt 85
5.4 Classifi cation of matrix types with be + wundor in the Old English dataset 88
5.5 Classifi cation of matrix types with be + tweo in the Old English dataset 89
5.6 Th e distribution of matrix types in Old English complementation
constructions 90
5.7 Th e distribution of matrix types in complementation constructions
with wundor and tweo in the Old English datasets 90
5.8 Th e distribution of matrix types in complementation constructions
with be + w onder in Middle English to Present- day English datasets 95
5.9 Th e distribution of matrix types in complementation constructions
with be + d oubt in the Middle English to Present- day English datasets 97
6.1 General overview of subjective threaten 119
6.2 Detailed overview of subjective threaten 119
8.1 Numbers of raters by age group and gender (n = 312) 156
total
8.2 Categorization of raters by language background 156
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viii Tables
9.1 Substrate languages in Asian Englishes (adapted from Lim and
Gisborne 2009: 126) 195
9.2 Th ird person singular pronouns in Asian substrates 195
9.3 Text- types included in ICE corpora 196
9.4 Total number of forms scrutinized 196
9.5 Total number of valid examples of singular t hey 198
9.6 Age groups in the corpora and classifi cation proposed 201
10.1 Overview of ICE corpora 215
10.2 Overview of trigger expressions used in previous corpus- based
research of mandative constructions 219
10.3 List of triggers used to retrieve mandative constructions from ICE
and GloWbE (bold) 220
10.4 Summary of variants ( should : subjunctive) in mandative constructions
across varieties (raw frequencies) in ICE 222
10.5 Distribution of variants ( should : subjunctive) across ICE registers
(macro- categories) 222
10.6 Distribution of subordination (zero vs. that ) across varieties
(numerical values/varieties = subjunctive) 223
10.7 Distribution of choice contexts according to factor ‘controlling
subject’ (ICE corpora) 225
10.8 Distribution of choice contexts (raw frequencies) across the factor
‘verb’ in ICE corpora 225
10.9 Distribution of choice contexts across varieties in the GloWbE dataset 228
11.1 Tokens of extended stative progressive h ave across four international
dialectal corpora as illustrated in Ziegeler (2017: 328), showing
frequency as a percentage of the total number of h aving forms overall 251
11.2 Frequency of the total use of h ave in the progressive in the Flowerpod
Corpus of Singapore English, and diff erentiated for adversative contexts,
comparing frequency of extended uses (Singlish) with non- extended,
standard usage of the have -progressive 253
Figures
4.1 Frequency trajectory of any (normalized per million words) 62
4.2 Variability- based neighbour clustering (VNC) of all periods
(computed with an R-script by Gries and Hilpert 2008) 62
4.3 Developments of a ny (solid dots) and o ne / an /a (open dots).
Frequencies normalized per million words. Th e dashed box denotes
the turn- around period 71
4.4 Eff ects of the grammaticalization of one on its relation to any 75
7.1 Frequency of still over the Modern English period 131
7.2 Evolution of still 133
8.1 Phenogram (NeighborNet) for a simple assumed dataset with six
categories (adapted from Krug, Sch ü tzler and Werner 2016: 42) 159
8.2 Phenogram (NeighborNet) for lexical questionnaire ratings for GibE
(all data; BrE (grey squares) and AmE (black squares) as reference
varieties; node labels masked). 160
8.3 Phenogram (NeighborNet) for lexical questionnaire ratings for GibE
(sampled data; female = fi lled circles, male = unfi lled circles;
BrE (grey squares) and AmE (black squares) as reference varieties).
[Node labels appear in the format Variety(Year)_RaterGender(Age),
e.g., GIB10_253f31] 162
8.4 Global comparison of GibE, BrE and AmE 165
8.5 Ratings for individual items in AmE, GibE and BrE 167
8.6 Diff erences according to age groups 170
8.7 Rater means by age and gender; general trends indicated by smoothed
regression lines 170
8.8 Rater means by age and gender; general trends indicated by smoothed
regression lines for speakers aged up to seventy- fi ve 172
8.9 Item means (average of all sixty- eight items) by diff erent language
backgrounds (six groups) 173
8.10 Rater means by language backgrounds (six groups) 173
8.11 Apparent- time trends for selected items in GibE 175
ix
