crop-environment-disease interaction sttjdy on ascochyta blight of chickpea

152 Pages·2011·7.55 MB·English

CROP-ENVIRONMENT-DISEASE INTERACTION
STTJDY ON ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT OF CHICKPEA
L.)
(Eicer arietinwm
Dissertation
Suh!~r~iic,dio ilie 1-'1111jiib~ t~ricrr/friraUln ivers~ty
;!I ptiriiul Jii/j~/iirc~o~f i /Ire ~C(~III~~!II~IIIS
for tlir df'gree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY
Department of Agricultural Meteorology
College of Agriculture
PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
LUDHIANA-141 004
1996
DBDma3,A%-IIL.;TIDT lI-a>
my revered rnm-kbrer
m Xaaiuri Devi
-
CERTIFICATE I
This is to certify that this dissertation entitled. "Crop-Environment-Ilisease lnteracliun
sludy on Ascochyta Blight of Chickpea (Cicer arielinun I..)", suh~nitted to the Punjab
Agricultural University. Ludhiana, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Agricultural Meteorology (Minor subject: Plant
Pathology), is a bonafide research work carried out by MrO MP AHKASH JHOHAH (I,-92-A-
35-1)) under the rupervision of Dr. H.S. Mavi. Professor of Agromcteorology, upto September.
1995 and under my supervision thereafter and that no part of thir thesis ha5 been rub~nittedf or
any other degree
The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have ken fully
acknowledged.
MA~OHAI) VISOH
lI)r S.S. Mathauda)
Associate Proferror of Agrometeorology
Deptt. of Agricultural Meteorology
Punjab Agricultural University
Ludhiana-141 004. Punjab
INDIA
-
CERTIFICATE I1
This is to certify that this dissertation entitled. "Crop-Environment-Disease
Interaction study on Ascochyta Blight of Chickpea [Cicerarietinrrn L.)", submittetl
by Mr OM PARKASH JHORAR (L-92-A-35-D) to tlic Ptlnjal~A gricultc~raUl niversity,
Ludhiana, in parlial ftllfilnlent of the reqllirsnlenl lor tlie tlcgrce of Doctor ol
Philosophy in the subject of Ag~ic~lll~M~ol~coarlo logy (Mino1 s~~l)jcctP:l ntil
Patholog-y) lias been approved by the Slutlent's Advisory Col~lrr~ilteaefl er an oral
examination on tlie sanle, in collaboration will1 an Exterrlal Exar~line~
{Dr S.S. Mathauda)
[Dr S.S. Hundal)
k ~ '
yqg?-6\\
DEAN. POST-GRADUATE STUDIES
It givcs me Xrecrt ~IEUJU10~ ~~, III~L,SSn ty sitri.e,rc, thir~rk.\ rr~tcl1 11,1,1j ,S~IISCc f'gr~r~i~ucle~
nty mujor advisors Dr H.S. Mavi, Professor rf Ayrontctt~nrolngy( Re~lrjl . crtld Dr S.S. Mathauda,
Associate Professor of Ayromcteoro/c~gyf,i n- i~ts~~irttti~o~t~o~, ~stcrr~t~tlr ~~ourrrgengtr~rirc~laIt.r ~~c
supcwisio~la nd ct~~tstrrictiic~rrit icism i~zp rt~portrticrto~f this ntrrrz~rsi,ril~r.
I om ittdrhted to Dr D.R. Butler, Pri~ri,ipcrI Sri~tttixt (Mi~~roi~lin~~ttofliOr Ryh)is
sul,ewisiott, suygestions uttd criti~~cctol mmo~t.\ it1 co~t~lu~'tictvtg~ tztrnlled~ ~~tvirottnrc,sttrrrrd ic.\ mtrd
hritlgitrg out the mo~tus~.ri1/1~f td iss~'rrntiorr it1 fit1111s hrrl~e.I ant hixhly thrrtzlJii1 to hint filr
orrattying futilities crtrd fitrcr~tcefi~erx ~~erint~tt1t1.s \~ '~c~r1~nr 1y c ontjbrtohli~s t~tyo t ICHISAT.
My .\ittcerr, ucktzowlecigcnre~ttsc r,r dtrr to Dr S.S. Hundal. Srnior Agronteti~c~roli~gi,~t.cunt-
Head for prfIid(li1lg crll pos.ribl~ jirrrlirir.\ u~rd et~c~oumgcnrrrrrd uritrg the pc,riod of thiis
investigotiotz. My si~zcereth crrrks crrc, clrtr, to L)r Curdip Singh, Slvrior Plrr~ttP athologist (Pulsesj.
De/,urtme~rr of' Pkrtrt Ar~cditrgf, ir /rmi.'iditlg nzo gui11cr1tr.r u~lrl~ t~~~htri~iC~cIIrIlil l c,xo~litittg
rmpiric.111. lohorrrlr~ryo ttdjicM .~turlieso ~tdn tnkitrg vulrtuhl~r~~ ommt~trtortr tho ntuttzr.\cril~ro t (hi\
dissl~rtutiori.
I um thuttkfiul to Dr J.N. Kaul. Pr[fcssor of Agrononty crrzd Dr L.S. Brar. Settior
Ayronontist of D~~~~oromf Atogm~ttro nty, who ,\/)or~,dt hcir pre~,inu.\n nntr~~ttos i !z.\p~c,tth efic,ld
oxperime~rtsf rom tinte 10 time cr~td~ uvevc rlucrbl~s~r ~~gestiottist! /his nrcrtluscril~~I. (mi cl1.1o
thottkful to Ur H.S. Cheernu. Profitsor I IS~l( rtistics firr h~ll)irtgm e 10 1,rrrry occl stori.~ti~,rrl
ut~olysir.
My thot~ksu rc due to Dr J.S. Koi(rr. Director lf Extc,t~sio~(t PAU)f nr providbrg Icrttd
fut,ilitics utrd Dr S.S. Aujlu, Additiotwl1)irectorfor Re.~ec~rc(hP AUJforv isiting the ~~x/~crinrt~trt~rl
,field and prnvidiny valuuhle sugyestion to cottcluct .\ucressful experimrttn
I am highly thur~kfult o the Puttjuh Agriculturul University, Ludhicrnir, Putij~rh,I trlicr for
granting me study leave for carrying out this study.
My thunlcr are due to S. Mewa Sitt~hM. r Kahul Singh, S. Pritcrm Singh, S. .luipcrl Sinlh.
S. Buijit Singh, S. Gurdev Singh utrd otherfield stufffor their coopercrtion in munuycment offield
c>xperiments.I am ulso thankful to Mr Baldev Roj Kumor, Senior Asslstont, ficulty crnd .stufffor
their kind help during this study.
I am thunkful to Mr K.R. Heddy, Mr N. Naruyana und Mr E.P. Reddy for their help in
conductina laboratory experimmts; Dr K.D.R. Wudiu and Dr M.P. Howre fur technical support
in execution of laboratory experiment.^. Thrrnks are also due to Dr F.T. Buntilun and Mr K.N.V.
Satayanarayana, and other .staff who ussisted me in makin8 this programme a success und Rove
me woriderful stay ut ICXISAT Asio Cottc,r, Put~ittrheruA, .P., Irzdio
I am highly IhfIlli(fU1 to Scrrri~rrtri( rrld Snrciur Bha~oSt irrgh .li ofNen' Mrrluu Tetrt Holc~c,.
Liidhiarta to bear with me all the i~rcr~rtvrttic~rntrrt~rcl to provirie Pirld help to my firmily os rrrtd
whn~re quired.
I shrrll he failit~y my duties if I rlort'r thortl my br~~thos:i~st,rr .\, hrr~thcjr-irt.lona~ rrd
sister.in-lows, niece, ttel~hrwso, rher relriti\'~,sc rrld friert~isfr~trh rir r.~trrtrrrttc ,r~c.nrirngmrc,r~rrrr ei
.sulJport duritt# period of this sruciy.
Last hut not thc lecrst, to my wife Mr.s Savitu .lhorcrr,r otr Sour~hhar tri ci[rii#htrr Somyrrm.
I on,i, nnlri, thun I curt c,xpress fbr their cor~l~er~toior~nd p utierir,e itt hc,rrrirtp with rtu3u ll throii#h
this period of my study.
dm@
/OM PARKASH JHORAR]
Title of the Thesis Crop-Environment Diseaselnteraction study
on Ascochyra Blight of Chickpea (Ci~,er
uriutitlrun)
Name of the student OM PAHKASH JHORAR
and Admicsion No. IL-92-A-35-Dl
Major Subject Agricultural Meteorology
Minor Subject Plant Pathology
Name and Dehignation I)r S.S. Malhauda
of the Major Advisor Ahsociate Professor of
Agrometeorology
Degree to be awarded Ph.D
Year of Award of Degree 1YYh
Total page\ in the thesia Y4 t viii
Name of the University Punjab Agricultural 111
Ludhiana-141 1104. Punjab, India
A crop-environment-disease interaction on Ascochyta blight of Chickpea was studied to
establish the empirical relationsh~psb etween ~neteorologicael le~nentca nd the diiease, effect of
moisture condiuons on viuious componeno of the diseaie cycle in controlled environment and
to assess the disease progress and its influence on crop performance in the field. The empirical
study class~fidth e chickpea crop season into riaky and non-risky period'; for Ascochyta blight
epidemics. The period between SMWs Y to 14 was a risky period In which evening relative
humidity (rh) and maximum temperature were good indicator of Ascochyta blight outbreaks. A
ratio of these variables (HTR) was the best indicator (R2=0.Y3) to depict quadratic relationship
with disease development. This study revealed that the crop should be sprayed with protective
fungicides in the 8th SMW to check the build-up of inoculum in the field if any. To confirm the
empirical relationships, controlled environment experiments at 211°C were condu~.ted. Wetness
duration of 2h and 4h were the minimum requirements for germination and penetration of the
pathogen and followed a linear increase with increasing wetness. Significant diwase developed
with 4h wetness and with increasing wetness, the disease increased linearly, reaching a plateau
at 1Xh wetness for a single disease cycle. An increase in leaf
dryness immediately after inoculation caused a linear (r =0.92) decrease in the disease
development. Ascochyta rahiei did not cause infection on inoculated and air dried chickpea plants
when exposed to rh 595 percent. The disease followed a steep linear increase between 911 and
100 percent rh.The disease developed significantly more in dark than light. Sporulation was
maximum with continuous wetness following non-linear trend (r=O.YX). The empirical and
laboratory studies were validated in field. Dicease increased with increasing continuous wetness
in the field, reaching a maximu~no f Xh per cent with seven days wetness. An exponential loss
of seed yield was obselved with increasing Ascochyta blight. When i~ioculated plots were
supplied with additional wetness, the disease appeared significantly higher than u11-inoculated.
indicating that inoculum availability in nature needs further investigation. In the plots where
inoculu~n was supplied w~thouta dditional wetnesr. the disease did not appear rignificantly
indicating that wetness is limiting for Ascochyta blight development. The study has provided
sufficient information to issue weather based agro-advisories to Inanage Ascochyta blight with
minimum use of fungitoxicants. A medium range weather forecasting c;~nf urther add into this
service by providing anticipated weather condition* favourable for the diaeaae development well
in advance for timely action by grower5 to ~ustainc hickpea product~on.
CONTENTS
TOPIC PA(;ES
.. . - ... - ... . . . . - ... - ... . . . . . . . . . . *. .. . . . - - - - - - .. . . . - - .- .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .- -... . . . . . - ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - -
I. 1NTKI)I)UUTION I
2. REVIEW OF 1.ITERATIIHE
2.1 Empirical relationships
between disease and weather
2.2 Weather and crop disease 5
2.3 Crop growth and environment 1.1
2.4 Crop phenology
3. IMATEKIAI.S ANI) ME'I'II0I)S
3.1 Establishment of empirical relationships
between clittiate and disease
3.2 Laboratory experiments I Y
3.3 Field experitnetits
4. EXPEKIMENTAI, RESULTS
4.1 Establishment of empirical relationship\
between climate and disease
4.2 Laboratory experiments 45
4.3 Field experiments
5. DISCUSSION
5.1 Empirical study
4.2 Laboratory experiments
4.3 Field experiments
6. SUMMARY AND CONCI.US1ON XX
7. LITERATURE CITED i-vi