Critical Technologies: The Role of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

73 Pages·7.317 MB·English

by  La Brecque M.

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book, graphi Maintaining and Strengthening American Technology
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riginal he od, and som Commission on PhyNsiactailo nSacli eRnecseesa, rMcha tChoeumnactiilcs, and Applications
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creatnot b INTRODUCTION 3
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m the origis may hav oCthuoeru Onnacftfiiiloc (neN .o RIftC Sw)c aiisne ncrceoesmp amonnidss esTi oteonc hethdne ob lMyo gathyrce Ph Bo 1lo9iac9ry1d. rToenhp eoC rBht eComfS tiThc aebl N eSlaicetiiveoenndca elts hC aartn itdiit c Twaelo cTuhlendco hblnoeog blyoe g(nBieefCsi cSPiTaaln) teoolf (etNhxeaC mTNiPan)tei,o atnhsaesle imRmebpslaeecadtr bcohyf
not froc error rfeiesledasr ctoh oinu rc shoecmieitsytr.y A alnthdo cuhgehm thicea dl iesncguisnseioenri nogf roense tahrec hc rfiutincdailn tge cphrnioorliotigeise sw, aths unso th iagnh elixgphltiicnigt otbhjee csitgivnei,f iict ains cheo opfe dth tehsaet
book, graphi the reTphoer t rwepilol ritn dsuirrevcetylys bae nweifdite t hrea nfguen doinf gv oitfa lc hteecmhincoallo agnides c htheamt icaarel ehnegaivnieleyr irnegli arenste aorrc he.ven critically dependent on
er po chemical or chemical engineering research. Examples were taken from the fields of materials, manufacturing, energy,
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riginal he od, and som seBtxCrauSmcTtTpu.hlr eeeSs u owbbfao stcerhkkqee u sdcet rnauirttpltiyec bda, yl a i t neelx ceOthaedcnnteosorilbsvoheegir ipi el1 slgu9 rrs9eot1rpua opwtri otie tnovhsfo . altv hpeeld aN naCnniTdn Pgw, maosue ref tocirnomgm amollfyi ta tea gep rpdooeuicpni tdeoedfd s boiyxn tAah ceda iNdffeRemrCeyn. tmI tasep mpmrboeemarcsbh ei,n rtsvh iawtte edor feb uyJs .i tnhLge.
om taine Beauchamp (California Institute of Technology), L. L. Hegedus (W. R. Grace & Co.), L. C. Krogh (3M, retired), R. S.
ed frcreatnot be ret L(foAarnTmg&aetTr o (BMf etahllse s Lraeacpbhoourrstae,t toltesra iIednsis)n.tg iAt utfotte et hro eft w Tseoel cemhcnetieootlnion gagyns)d, , taFhse. s Sele.m aRdboelywrs lohafin ptdh g e(rU ofuunlpilv caeogrsmrietmeyd io totfe nCe t aholefif tonwranetuinart eya -tof Ifor utvhrie.n Teta)h,s eka n faudtl lLh ca. onFmd. Tmanhidtot meoenp mstohenet
L files er, can tcwomicem, uannicda tsioenvse raanl ds tuebxct oemdimtinitgte.e meetings were held as well; the effort was supported by extensive electronic
Mv The committee expresses appreciation for the important contributions of a number of organizations and
m Xowe individuals. Contributors of the illustrations, taken largely from the annual reports of technology-intensive companies or
posed fromatting, h ipdneissrctsiuotusnstaiiolo nncsso, mwarmeer ieat mchkeenlndot w.w Tliehtdheg mepdrao nojyne;c ptt hawgeseae s7 i0an.sc sDlius.d tJee.d RJ .ba Wyb ec.r o,R nBasCkuslSitsiTn ( gsfto afofrdfo mdpia rJec.ck tDaogr.i ,n Iidgso )t,lh Raann. kdWe dM. Rf.o iLrc eah i(sBc edrereacdmqicuiaect. i eoHnnge ailnpnefdus )sl, u tabencsdtha nnJi.tc iFaal.l
mor Roth (petrochemicals).
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m the origis may hav cboym thmCisihs esrimeopnioceradtl' sba ynd ditsh ccehu Bessmoioaicnrda l oo efn n sgCuihcnheem eirniicnnagol vrSaectsiieoeannrcsce has sias n pvdlia tTsatlei cctoh pnaao rbltorsog ayfod or rfa atnuhgteoe Nm oaoft bimoilnaeatsel, rRicaeelrssae tmaercicchh n eConlogouignnieec sil,c. oam ppooinnte inlltus,s thraigtehd-
not froc error pweirlfl obrem manacdee fpooosds ipbalec kbayg aindgv amnacteesr iianl sc,h aenmdi cmaol dreesrena crcohn.struction materials. To a large extent, the materials of the future
book, graphi preseMntas neyx aimmpploerst afnrot mar ethaes mofa nmuafancutfuarcet uorfi npge tdroecpheenmd icoanl sr,e csoeamrcphu tebry- acidheedm cishtesm aincdal cphreomceiscsa ld eesnigginn,e aenrsd. tThhe ep rroecpeosrst
er po technology involved in the automated manufacture of plastic films and coatings.
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pae t The fields of energy and transportation rely heavily on chemical and chemical engineering research. Such research
riginal he od, and som hffcuueaeelslll ss le. efcdro ontmoo mtnhyaet; u dbreaavtlt eeglroaispe,sm cweoniattlh , o ahfni gddhe s sehingaenlereg;r y ag udatesoonmlsiiontbyei; l taeon edmm neieostsv ienolen ew nc oeprnrgotrydo-ulc cotten cpvheenrrfsiqoiourmne sat entchchaent aopnlrodegs eieemrsv iess usvicoehhn ai crsel efqu upeielr recfmeolrelmsn taasnn; dcle isq oaulniaddr
om taine Technologies that contribute to improved public health depend significantly on advances in chemistry,
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L files er, can imagIinngfo tremchantioolno gaineds .communication technologies are based on materials and processing techniques that are often the
Mv products of chemical or chemical engineering research. Optical fibers, nanofabrication technologies, multilayer
m Xowe electronic packages, optical interconnection and optoelectronic devices, electronic displays, data storage and retrieval
posed fromatting, h sdyosmteiTmnahsne, t a 1rno9dl9 es0si sni ngh lmea-voaest otj meuns mtvliyar onbniepmeunelan tctiaoalln lt eetdec chthnhnoeil qodugeeicesas hd. eeTl pho iifsl lrtuehspetor aerttne pv triheroasten nmptosei nnettx.. aCmhpelemsi fsrtorym aantdm ocshpehmeircica lc heenmgiinsetreyr,i npgro pdluacyt
mor life cycle analysis, environmental risk and impact analysis, environmentally friendly manufacturing processes and
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age breas. Py inserted. Pl rpheredoaudrtcuV tfciaitogiinolnu,ne ra teotn,ef ds t hh tdhiegi eshm cc-uilocescrasto naseunelpeele cogctrfatoe scdnoo ilntciontsape mf,i acaicsnnt oiagntrie yogd treo esnfia sttteihensre.- cdfouenptuvthree;r ,t tihannegsd ee ani znnycemlwued teiy npmheia btoietfro icrasal stfa oolyrf scttho temo fbmuatetuienrteg ,t hhceay tp“aeulyrlttteriacnl sociorwan”c kaaniundtg o cmfhororo bntihliece
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ye Chemical and chemical engineering research relies on an effective infrastructure that successfully converts research
nal te be results into commercial technologies. This infrastructure utilizes both public and private research funding. Maintaining
m the origis may hav aonudr nsatrteionngathl ecnriitnigca tlh tee cinhfnroalsotrguicetsu.re of chemical and chemical engineering research are key to sustaining and advancing
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m the origis may hav omretcaheiennrt tasltyiun dipniuegbs, l ihasanhvdee d e anriehmpaeondrct isan tgh d aeovvueer l iodtepecninhtignf oiseltodrag stiepcgaeilce ibsf iafcso etre ehcfhafvneeoc tliboneggci eofsem deees rshaelin gpthioa llpi crtioyo rctihhteiae nswg efeolslr -i bnteh sienu gpfe podofer trt aholef gtUhoonvsieteren dtme cSehtnantto.e lsSo, eg1vi eeasrn.a d2l
not froc error Ttwheensety r-efiprostr tcse inntduircya.te that a variety of existing and emerging technologies will play essential roles as we approach the
book, graphi the naCtihoenm? iTcahle rNesaetiaorncahl aCnridti tchael Tcreicthicnaoll otegciehsn Polaongeile (sN. WCThPat) agrreo tuhpee tde cthhensoel oingtioes m thaatet rhiaalvse, mbeaennu ifdaecntutirfiinegd, ains fcorrimticaatilo tno
er po and communications, biotechnology and life sciences, aeronautics and surface transportation, and energy and the
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riginal he od, and som eCcthnroiigtsmii crnmeaeplei ottrteirencte ghs t norrooneln soCeggalriyriect siohc va aeinls rd lT aetepsosc tehihlnnlotuoissaleotl r ogatfitoe et s hmt ehto oeNs dteC exoTpafPem nt. hidIneneem n bct.o hiteTehs h ciwema isBptehaos c,as tmrp deoi cfloi itfncai hcrCy ee mhtxeeiaccmmhainlpc olaaellnos d.gS iTcecihshe enew mcteeeircsce ha adnln eodeelon mTggeyiend cec hceanrrtooeinsglosgo-g rcryiuee tssct eiodnanigrsvc,c heaun nsoesdnde t dhtt hhuinees
om taine no separate category was established for them. However, because chemical and chemical engineering research has a
ed frcreatnot be ret tshtreo fnePgd uiemrrapplo alsceetv oealnn. dTm haileuirtdeair eiysn tacelecs hoon fa otnlh oiigns icrerese,pa soseirnvtge. rAdael s setirxroean mtgop slleiennsk thi mnaaveteni otb nienael ns g uiopnapcloosr rapt noodrfa Atthemed eginroitacola stn ho itfse csrcheinpeoonlrtoti.fgiyc rheasse barecehn. bTuhiilsd isntugd ayt
L files er, can was undertaken to demonstrate this linkage for chemistry and chemical engineering to the national critical technologies.
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ks ea The committee agreed that its primary audience should be the legislative and executive branches of the U.S.
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ye from state and local sources. Federal research laboratories have been strong contributors of chemically related energy,
nal te be space, and defense technologies, and the U.S. chemical industry has long been a world leader in applied chemical and
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py industrial research organizations are encouraging from the standpoint of efficiently converting research into technology.
riginal pahe od, and some t RiancefcoceersmSnstcia bidtelieenov ncaee rloi osaup nnamnddea tntlhoetescg hoginnulo sotbh lteoeo, g a aytsnh sdieing t fnhlamoe w gereln osotb ufol aftfls u i neontcfde osilnnl eidoncum tusinytart.lie apIrlnnr ro aeoptsiueoerran tryfaca lrh sict g-aochrmhets amr nheegaardvicnieelg y.c woPsnhuotabrrrliledbisd,u h ttaeehmdde ofsfanclvogieow tnrh atoeibf fili cyns tctieonire fnntohatrtiimifsoi catnr taeiaolnn nddd .i vitsei scriheoanndisci loaylf
m tne globalized corporations. Yet support of American research is fully compatible with globalization because it enhances the
ed froaie ret proprietary position of American companies and the preeminent position of American research universities.
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INTRODUCTION 5
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book, graphi FIGURE 1: The U.S. balance of trade. The plots illustrate the continued net positive contribution of the
er po chemical industry to the overall U.S. position. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
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riginal m the oned, and som materTTihhaeels U Uit. .SpS.r. occhcheeesmmsieicdcaa lil n t ri1na9dd9ue0 sb.t ra2yl aandcdee, dw haibcohu ht a$s1 b5e3e nb iclloinosni sitne nvtalyl upeo stoit ivthee i na pthper olaxismt daeteclayd $e,1 g3r7e wbi ltloio an swuroprltuhs ooff r$a1w9
oai billion in 1991; by contrast, the United States had a net trade deficit of more than $65 billion in that same year. 3 (See
ed fre ret Figure 1.)
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ks ea What about research and development (R&D), our investment in future economic growth? The U.S. chemical
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wpb materials, functional polymers (e.g., adhesives), biomaterials, food products, and synthetic fibers. These products have a
nal er tyattri broad influence on U.S. commerce. Consider, for example, polymers and the effects that they have on our everyday
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About this PDF file: Tthe original; line lengtprint version of this p 4 Chemical & Engineering News, August 19, 1991, pp. 53, 55.