Critical Risk Research: Practices, Politics and Ethics

244 Pages·2012·1.645 MB·English

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Critical Risk Research
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Critical Risk Research
Practices, Politics and Ethics
EDITED BY
Matthew Kearnes
Francisco Klauser
Stuart Lane
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2012©2012byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Kearnes,Matthew.
Criticalriskresearch:practices,politics,andethics/MatthewKearnes,FranciscoKlauser,and
StuartLane.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-97487-2(cloth)
1. Environmentalengineering. 2. Riskmanagement. 3. Technology–Moralandethical
aspects. I. Klauser,FranciscoReto. II. Lane,StuartN. III. Title.
TA170.K432012
361.1–dc23
2011047553
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint
maynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks.
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FirstImpression 2012
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Contents
Contributors,vii
Preface,xi
1 Introduction:RiskResearchafterFukushima,1
MatthewB.Kearnes,FranciscoR.Klauser&StuartN.Lane
Part1 PracticesinRiskResearch,21
2 PracticesofDoingInterdisciplinaryRisk-Research:
Communication,FramingandReframing,23
LouiseJ.Bracken
3 ReligionandDisasterinAnthropologicalResearch,43
ClaudiaMerli
4 ‘Risk’inFieldResearch,59
SarahR.Davies,BrianR.Cook&KatieJ.Oven
Part2 PoliticsinRiskResearch,77
5 FindingtheRightBalance:InteractingSecurityandBusiness
ConcernsatGenevaInternationalAirport,79
FranciscoR.Klauser&JeanRuegg
6 GoverningRiskyTechnologies,99
PhilMacnaghten&JasonChilvers
7 TechnologiesofRiskandResponsibility:AttestingtotheTruth
ofNovelThings,125
MatthewB.Kearnes
Part3 EthicsinRiskResearch,149
8 EthicalRiskManagement,butWithoutRisk
Communication?,151
StuartN.Lane
v
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vi Contents
9 IntheWakeoftheTsunami:ResearchingAcrossDisciplinesand
DevelopmentalSpacesinSouthernThailand,173
JonathanRigg,LisaLaw,MayTan-Mullins,CarlGrundy-Warr&
BenjaminHorton
10 SocialWorkinTimesofDisaster:PractisingAcrossBorders,197
LenaDominelli
11 Conclusion:Reflectionson‘Critical’RiskResearch,219
StuartN.Lane,FranciscoR.Klauser&MatthewB.Kearnes
Index,237
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Contributors
LouiseJ.BrackenisReaderinPhysicalGeographeratDurhamUniversity.Shespecialisesinthe
scienceoffluvialgeomorphologyandthepracticesofinterdisciplinaryworkingthroughtranslating
scienceintopracticalsolutionstoreal-worldenvironmentalproblems.Louise’sresearchexplores
thecomplexrelationshipswithinriversbetweentheprocessesthatgenerateandsupplyrunoff
andfinesediment,processesthatmovethewaterandsedimentthroughtheriversystemandhow
knowledge’sofriversareusedinpracticetomanagethenaturalenvironment.Thisresearch
matterstothemanagementofriversystemstodayandinthefuture,sinceunderpredictedclimate
changewater/sedimentsystemswillchangesignificantly.Louise’sworkisshapingpolicy
regardingriverhabitats,directsinstitutionalwaysofworkingwithriversandisestablishing
newresearchagendas.Sheisoneofafewinternationalphysicalgeographersrecognisedfor
pioneeringworkinfluvialprocessesandsimultaneouslyconductingleadinginterdisciplinary
researchacrossthenaturalandsocialsciences.Shecanbecontactedat
[email protected].
JasonChilversisLecturerattheScience,SocietyandSustainabilitygroup,Schoolof
EnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofEastAnglia.Hisresearchfocusesonrelationsbetween
environment,science,policyandsociety,andspansstudiesofgovernance,appraisal,public
understanding,andpublicparticipationinrelationtoscience,technologyandenvironmentalrisk
issues.Hehaspublishedwidelyonthesethemesinbooks,policyreports,andpeer-reviewed
journalssuchasScience,Technology,andHumanValues,EnvironmentandPlanningAandtheJournal
ofRiskResearch.Recentpublicationsincludeaneditedspecialissueonnetworksatthe
science-policyinterface(Geoforum,2009)andSustainableParticipation?(Sciencewise,2010).Heis
thedirectorofaninternationalESRCseminarserieson‘Criticalpublicengagement’andrecently
servedontheRoyalSocietyKohnAwardPanelforExcellenceinEngagingthePublicwith
Science.Hecanbecontactedat:[email protected].
BrianR.CookisapostdoctoralresearcherattheUNESCOCentreforWaterLaw,Policyand
ScienceattheUniversityofDundee.Hisresearchexploresthedynamicinteractionsbetween
knowledgeandbehaviourinrelationtothewater/riskinterface.Heisinterestedinthepower
embeddedinfloodmanagementknowledgesandpractices.Thisworkhastakenhimfrom
analysesoffloodimpactsinCanada,tonationalscaledecisionmakinginBangladesh,tothe
non-governmentalorganisationsthathavecometomediatecatchmentmanagementintheUK.
Hehasco-editedaspecialissueofEnvironmentalHazards,whichassembledkeythinkersand
practitionerstochallengeprevailingnarrativesandassumptionsoffloodingandflood
managementinBangladesh.Hecanbecontactedat:[email protected].
SarahR.DaviesisaresearcheratArizonaStateUniversity’sCenterforNanotechnologyin
Society(CNS-ASU).Herresearchinterestsareinpublicengagementandpublicunderstandingsof
science,scienceinmuseums,andthegovernanceofnewandemergingtechnologies.HerPhDwas
carriedoutinImperialCollegeLondon’sScienceCommunicationGroup;sincethen,shehas
workedatDurhamUniversity(initsInstituteofHazard,RiskandResilience)andasaPublic
EngagementFellowatBeaconNorthEastbeforemovingtoCNS-ASU.Shehaspublishedin
journalssuchasScienceCommunication,ScienceasCultureandPublicUnderstandingofScience,and
hasco-editedthreevolumesScienceandItsPublics(CambridgeScholarsPublishing,2008),
vii
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viii Contributors
UnderstandingPublicDebateOnNanotechnologies:OptionsForFramingPublicPolicies(European
Commission,2010)andUnderstandingNanoscienceandEmergingTechnologies(Akademische
Verlagsgesellschaft,2010).Shecanbecontactedat:[email protected].
LenaDominelli holdsaChairinAppliedSocialSciencesintheSchoolofAppliedSocial
SciencesandisAssociateDirectorattheInstituteofHazards,RiskandResilienceResearchat
DurhamUniversitywheresheHeadstheProgrammeonVulnerabilityandResilience.She
currentlyholds(asPI)aMajorESRCfundedprojectentitled‘InternationalisingInstitutionaland
ProfessionalPractices’and(asCI)anothersignificantEPSRCfundedprojectentitled,‘Climate
Change,theBuiltInfrastructureandHealthandSocialCareProvisionsforOlderPeople’.
Alongsidethewealthofexperienceshehashadasauniversityeducatorandresearcher,shehas
workedinsocialservices,probationandcommunitydevelopment.Shehaspublishedwidelyin
socialwork,socialpolicyandsociology.Severaloftheseareclassicsandhavebeentranslatedinto
manylanguages.Sheisrecognisedasaleadingfigureinsocialworkeducationglobally.Herlatest
bookisentitledGreenSocialWork.ProfessorDominelliwaselectedPresidentoftheInternational
AssociationofSchoolsofSocialWork(IASSW)from1996to2004,andiscurrentlychairingthe
IASSWCommitteesonDisasterInterventionsandClimateChangeandisrepresentingthesocial
workprofessionattheUnitedNationsdiscussionsonclimatechange,includingthosetobeheldin
Durban,SouthAfricafrom29Novemberto12December2011.Shehasalsobeentherecipientof
varioushonoursincludingaMedalin2002forhercontributiontosocialworkgivenbytheSocial
AffairsCommitteeoftheFrenchSenateandanhonorarydoctoratein2008fromtheUniversityof
KwaZulu-NatalinDurban,SouthAfrica.Shemaybecontactedat:[email protected].
CarlGrundy-WarrisaSeniorLecturerattheDepartmentofGeography,NationalUniversityof
Singapore.Hehasengagedinlong-termfieldworkwithinmainlandSoutheastAsiaonpolitical
geographiesofforceddisplacement,borderlands,environmentalresourcepolitics,andthehuman
geographiesofnaturalhazards.Hehaspublishedinnumerousjournalsandco-editedBorderscapes:
HiddenGeographiesandPoliticsatTerritory’sEdgewithPremKumarRajaram(Universityof
MinnesotaPress,2007).Heiscurrentlyengagedininternationalcollaborativeprojectson
livelihoodandenvironmentalsecurityintheMekongBasin,andgeographiesofpublic
healthinwetlandsassociatedwithfood-borneparasites.Hemaybecontactedat
[email protected].
BenjaminHortonisanAssociateProfessorintheDepartmentofEarthandEnvironmental
ScienceattheUniversityofPennsylvania.HeworksintheSeaLevelResearchLaboratoryand
focusesontherelationshipsbetweenclimateandsealevelchangeseekingtobetterunderstand
theexternal(suchassea-levelandclimatechange,earthquakesandtsunamis)andinternal
mechanisms(includingthecoastalsedimentarybudget)thatcontributetothesea-levelchanges
weobserveandreconstruct.Hemaybecontactedat:[email protected].
MatthewB.KearnesisaSeniorLecturerinInterdisciplinaryEnvironmentalStudiesinthe
SchoolofHistoryandPhilosophyattheUniversityofNewSouthWales,Australia.Hisresearch
focusesonunderstandingtheroleofscientificandtechnologicalthinkinginthepoliticsand
policiesofcontemporarydemocracies.Focusingparticularlyonresearchinareassuchas
nanotechnologyandsyntheticbiology,hehasauthored,withPhilMacnaghtenandJames
Wilsdon,GoverningattheNanoscale:People,PoliciesandEmergingTechnologies(Demos,2006)and
co-editedaspecialissueofScienceasCultureon(Re)ImaginingNanotechnology.Hecanbecontacted
at:[email protected].
FranciscoR.KlauserisAssistantProfessorinpoliticalgeographyattheUniversityofNeuchaˆtel,
Switzerland.Hisworkfocusesontherelationshipsbetweenspace,surveillance/riskandpower,
withaparticularfocusonpublicurbanspaceandplacesofmobility.Hisresearchinterestsalso
includeurbanstudiesandsocio-spatialtheory.Inrecentyears,FranciscoKlauserhasdeveloped
aninternationalportfolioofworkonissuesofsecurityandsurveillanceatsportmega-eventsand
intheaviationsector.Hecanbecontactedat:[email protected].
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Contributors ix
StuartN.LaneisProfessorofGeomorphologyattheInstitutdeGe´ographie,Faculte´des
Ge´osciencesetl’EnvironnementattheUniversite´deLausanne,Switzerland.Heisageographer
withsometrainingincivilengineeringandhaswonmanyprizesforhisresearch,concernedwith
modellingandremotesensingofriverflow,sedimentandsolutetransport,riverecologyand
floods.HeistheEditor-in-ChiefofthejournalEarthSurfaceProcessesandLandformsandhas
co-editedanumberofrecentpublicationsincluding,LandformMonitoring,ModellingandAnalysis
(1998,Wiley),HighResolutionFlowModellinginGeomorphologyandHydrology.(1999,Wiley
AdvancesinHydrologySeries)andComputationalFluidDynamics:ApplicationsinEnvironmental
Hydraulics(2005,Wiley).Stuartisparticularlyinterestedinthewaysinwhichthepracticeof
sciencecanbedemocratisedparticularlyinthefieldofriskmanagement,andiscurrentlyengaged
inanumberofresearchprojectsinthisarea.Hecanbecontactedat:[email protected].
LisaLawisSeniorLecturerintheSchoolofEarthandEnvironmentalSciences,JamesCook
University,Cairns.Sheisaculturalgeographerwithinterestsintherelationbetweenpeople,place
andidentity–mostlyinSoutheastAsia–andhastaughtinAustralia,SingaporeandtheUnited
Kingdom.SheisauthorofSexWorkinSoutheastAsia:ThePlaceofDesireinaTimeofAIDS(Routledge,
2000),andco-editor,withIenAngandMandyThomas,ofAlter/Asians:Asian-AustralianIdentitiesin
Art,MediaandPopularCulture(PlutoPress,2001)and,withLilyKong,aspecialissueofUrban
Studiestitled“Contestedlandscapes,Asiancities”(2002).Shehasrecentlytakenupapost
asanEditorofAsiaPacificViewpoint,aWiley-Blackwelljournalpublishingarticlesin
geographyandallieddisciplinesabouttheAsiaPacificregion.Shecanbecontactedat
[email protected].
PhilMacnaghtenisProfessorofGeographyatDurhamUniversity.Hisresearchfocusesonthe
ethicalandsocietaldimensionsofnewscienceandtechnology,publicdeliberationand
anticipatorygovernance,narrativeapproachestopolicymaking,andthestudyofsocio-nature.His
principalpublicationsinclude:ContestedNatures(Sage,1998),BodiesofNature(Sage,2001),
GoverningattheNanoscale(Demos,2006),ReconfiguringResponsibility(EuropeanCommission,2009)
aswellasanumberofeditedcollectionsandpapers.Hecontributestodebatesonthegovernance
ofscienceandtechnologyintheUK,EuropeandBrazilandisamemberoftheEPSRC’sStrategic
AdvisoryNetwork.Hecanbecontactedat:[email protected].
ClaudiaMerliisLecturerinAnthropologyatDurhamUniversity.Shespecialisesinmedical
anthropology.Herresearchondisastersfocusesonthereligiousandtheologicaldiscourses
followingnaturalhazards,andtheincreasingapplicationofPTSDdiagnosticcategoryacrossto
addressdisasters’consequencesinpost-disasterlocalpopulations.Sheconductedfieldresearchon
IslamicandBuddhisttheodiciesinSouthernThailandintheaftermathofthe2004IndianOcean
tsunami(December2004–March2005;March–June2006).SheisauthorofBodilyPracticesand
MedicalIdentitiesinSouthernThailand(UppsalaUniversityPress,2008).Shecanbecontactedat
[email protected].
KatieJ.Ovenisapost-doctoralresearchassociateintheDepartmentofGeographyandthe
InstituteofHazard,RiskandResilience(IHRR),undertakingapplied,interdisciplinaryresearchon
‘natural’hazardsanddevelopment.KatiehasfieldexperienceinNepal,Taiwan,NewZealandand
morerecentlytheUK.Herdoctoralresearchinvestigatedthevulnerabilityandresilienceofrural
communitiestolandslidesintheNepalHimalayausingamixedmethodsapproach.Katie’s
researchinterestsincludecombininglocalandoutside‘scientific’knowledgefordisasterrisk
reduction(DRR),andthegovernanceofriskandresilienceatcommunityandnationalscales.She
hasrecentlycompletedaNERC/ESRC-fundedscopingstudyaspartoftheIncreasingResilienceto
NaturalHazardsprogrammeexploringtheseissuesinthecontextofseismic-relatedhazardsin
Nepal.KatieiscurrentlyaPDRAonamulti-disciplinaryEPSRC-fundedprojectwhichaimsto
developstrategiestoensuretheinfrastructuresandhealthandsocialcaresystemssupportingthe
wellbeingofolderpeopleintheUKwillbesufficientlyresilienttowithstandtheimpactsof
extremeweathereventsunderconditionsofclimatechange.Shecanbecontactedat
[email protected].
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x Contributors
JonathanRiggisaProfessorofGeographyatDurhamUniversity.Hehaslongfieldexperience
inSoutheastAsia,workingmainlyonissuesofruraldevelopmentencompassingsuchthemesas
rural-urbanrelationsandinteractions,migrationandmobility,andsustainablelivelihoods.Hehas
authoredandeditedanumberofbooksincludingSoutheastAsianDevelopment:CriticalConceptsinthe
SocialSciences(Routledge,2008),AnEverydayGeographyoftheGlobalSouth(TaylorandFrancis,
2007),LivingwithTransitioninLaos:MarketIntegrationinSoutheastAsia(Routledge,2005),Southeast
Asia:TheHumanLandscapeofModernisationandDevelopment(Routledge,2003),andMorethanthe
Soil,RuralChangeinSoutheastAsia(PrenticeHall,2001).Hecanbecontactedat:
[email protected].
JeanRueggwastrainedasageographerandanurbanplanner.Heisnowaprofessoroflanduse
policiesattheUniversityofLausanne.Heisparticularlyinterestedinthedynamicsoperating
betweentheproductionofterritorialrelationsandthemechanismsdesignedfortheirregulation.
Heistheco-editor,withSimonRichozandLouis-MBoulianneofSante´etDe´veloppementTerritorial:
EnjeuxetOpportunite´s(PPUR,2010)[email protected].
MayTan-MullinsisalecturerwiththeInternationalStudiesdivisionofTheUniversityof
Nottingham,Ningbo,Chinacampus.Herresearchinterestsarenon-traditionalsecurityissuessuch
asenvironmental,foodandlivelihoodsecuritymatters.Sherecentlyco-edited,withVictor
Savage,TheNagaChallenged:SoutheastAsiaintheWindsofChange(EasternUniversitiesPress,2005).
[email protected].
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Preface
Thisvolumewasbornofacollaborationofagroupofscholarsconnected
totheInstituteofHazard,RiskandResilience,DepartmentofGeography,
DurhamUniversity.Thebreadthofsubjectmattercoveredinthisvolume
is a testament to the intellectual scope of the institute and extraordinary
scholarlyenergyandenthusiasmitenables.Thepublicationofthisvolume
is also a timely reminder of the intellectual breadth of ‘risk research’. In-
cluded in this collection are papers dealing with the aftermath of natural
hazards, the risks of new technology and the increasingly interconnected
strategies adopted to ‘secure’ public spaces. As the asymmetric threats of
global terrorism and the novel risks of new technologies continue to oc-
cupy the contemporary political imagination, alongside the threats posed
by natural hazards, the scope of this collection is indicative of the ways
inwhichriskresearchhasbecomeakeysiteofinterdisciplinaryexchange
betweenoftendiverseapproachesandintellectualtraditions.Aseditorswe
arethereforeindebtedtoallofthecontributorstothisvolume.Itwasonly
their enthusiasm and energy that has made this project possible. Thanks
arealsoduetoRachaelBallard,IzzyCanningandFionaWoodsatWiley-
Blackwell for the work they have both devoted in making the publica-
tion of this volume possible. We are grateful to Cosette Stirnemann at
NeuchaˆtelUniversityforformattingthechaptersofthiscollection.
MatthewKearnes
FranciscoKlauser
StuartLane
March2012
xi