Table Of ContentCritidciaslc ouarnsael ysis:
thec ritsitcuadloy f
language
Norman Faihr cloug
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LONGMAN
LONDONA ND NEW YORK
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anAds sociCaotmepda ntiherso ugthhwoeou rtld .
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Allr ighrtess ernvoep da;ro lft hipsu blicmaatyib oen
reproduscteodri,ena d r etriseyvsatloe rmt ,r ansmitted
ina nyf oromrb ya nym eanesl,e ctrmoencihc,a nicaL
photocopryeicnogr,do iron tgh,e rwiwsiet hoeuitt htehre
priworri tpteernm isosfti hoPenu blisohrae l risc ence
permitrteisnlg:ri ccroepdy iinnthg e U nitKeidn gdiosms ued
byt hCeo pyriLgihcte nsing LAtgde,n cy
90T oHenhCarno urRto adL,o ndWo1nP 9 HE.
First pu1b9l9i5s hed
ISBN 508 22 1980C9s d
ISBN 508 22 1984P1p r
BritiLsihb raCrayt alogiunPi unbgl ication Data
A catalroegcuoefr odtr h ibso oiks
availfraobmlt eh Ber itLiisbhr ary
LibroafrC yon grCeastsa Ioguing-inD-aPtuab lication
FairclNoourgmha,1n 9,4 1-
Critdiicsaclo aunrasle:y p saipseirnts h ceri tisctaulod fy
langu/aN goer maFna irclough.
p. cm-. (Languiansg oec ilaislfe er ies)
Chieaflc yo llecotfpi roenv iopuusbllyi asrhleidac nldee.ss s ays,
1980-1993.
Inclubdiebsl iogrraepfheirceaannlcdi e nsd ex.
ConteCnrtist:ai ncdda els crigpotaiilvnsde i scoaunrasley- sis
Regisptoewre,ar n,ds o ciosemcahnatn-igDcei scourse
represenitnma etdiidoain s co-urLsaen guaanged ideology
Discourse,a ncdhh eagnegmeo-,n yW hatm ighwtem eabny " enterprise
discou-rsCerri't diicsaclo aunrasleya snidts h mea rketiozfa tion
publdiics co:uth resu eniver-siItdieeosl aongdiy d entcihtayn ge
inp olittieclaelv -isDiiosnc ouarnsdte e :xl tinguainsdt ic
intertaenxarluyawsIii tshd iins coaunrasley- sCirsi tliacnaglu age
awarenaensdss e lf-idienen dtuictay-t iThoen a pproproifa cy
"appropriateness."
ISB0N- 582-219-8I0S-B9N.0 -582-219(8p4b-lc1. )
1.D iscouarnsael ys2i.Ss o.c iolinguIiT.si ttilces..
II.S eries.
P302.F13949 5
306.4' Wc20 94-23292
Sebty 1 5i n1 0/12Mpotn ophoPtaol atino CIP
Produbcye dL ongSmianng apPourbel is(hPetLrets)d .
PrinitneS di ngapore
Contents
GeneErdailtPr oearfc'es vii
Acknloegwdements xii
Generailn troduction 1
SectAi onL anguaigedeo,l oagnyd power
21
Introduction 23
1.C ritiacndad le scrigpotailivsned iscouarnsael ysis 27
2.D iscourresper netsaetiinomn e dia discourse 54
3.L anguaagnedi deology 70
SectBi oDni scouarnsdse o ciocuclhtaunrgael
85
Introduction 87
4.D iscourse,a ncdhh eagnegomen y 91
5.W hatm ighwte m eanb y' enterdpirsicsoeu rse'? 112
6.C ritdiicsaclo uarnsael yasnidts h mea rketizoafpt uibolni c
discoutrhsueen :i versities 130
7.I deolaongdyi dentcihtayn ignep olittieclaelv ision 167
SectiCo nT extuaanla lyins siosc iraels earch
183
Introduction 185
8.D iscouarnsdte e xlti:n guainsdti inct erleaxntaulayls is
withdiins couarnsael ysis 187
SectDi onC ritilcaanlg uaawgaer eness
215
Introduction 217
9.C ritliacanlg uaawgaer enaensdss e lf-idienn tity
education 219
10.T hea pproproif'a acpyp ropriateness' 233
Bilbiohgyra anprdee frences 253
Index 263
GeneErdailt Porre'fsa ce
Oneo ft hep owerfauflfi rmatoifio nnst erients hteu nderlytihnegm es
oft heL anguianSg oec LifiaeSl e rhiaessb eetnh es ucceascsc ordteod
NormaFna ircloiungthr'osd yu cbtooorki nt heS eriLesa:n guaangde
PoweAlrt.h ough itselfi naw nee lxli srttoironatgde idat tit ohnat ti me
ofw hath ass incceo met ob et ermendo,tu nproblematically, Critical
DiscouAnrasley siLsa,n guaangde Phoawspe rro vetdoo ffear wide
rangoef s tudenoftl si nguisltaincgsu,as gteu diaensdp rofessional
educatai froanm eworakn da meanosf e xplortihneig n brications
between laanngdsu oacigael -instpirtaucttiaioncndeba sel t ween these,
taketno gethweirtb,hr oadseorci aaln dp olitsitcraulc tIutrisen sn.o va
tiofno srt udeonftl si nguiisnpt airctsi cwualsta orc ,r itisqoumeeo ft he
premisaensd t hec onstruucntdse rlymianign strsetaumd iiens
sociolinguciosntviecrss,a atniaolnyaaslni dps r agmattiodc esm,o nstrate
then eeodf t hesseu b-discitpole inngeasgw ei tsho ciaanldp olitical
issuoefps o wearn dh egemoinnya d ynamaincd h istoriicnaflolrym ed
era,n dy eta sa fundamepnatraotlf t hipsr oceosfls i nkitnhge
mann
micrtoo t hem acrtoo r eaffitrhmet raditdiiosnciapll icneanrtayrn ed
basiosft hes ubjetchte,d etaialneddp olysystdeemsiccr ipotfi on
language vaFroirsa ttuidoenon.ft s profesdsiisocinpallio nfle asw,,
medicihneea,l ctahr seo,ci awlo rk,l anguaagnedl itereadcuyc ation,
Fairclofuogrhm'usl aitnit ohnabsto okh avper oveeds peciaplrloyd uc
tivael,l owtihnegp ractitoifos nuecrdhsi sciplwihnoesspe r ofessional
practaircmeeo ss otb vioulsalnyg uaagm eeda,n osfd escriibnitnegr,p ret
inga nde xplainintgh ehpiorrwa ctairceed si scursaicvceolmyp lished
andt huosff erian wga yo fc lariftyhiein dge ologbiacsaeolsf t he
purposaensdm, e thoodfst hper ofesstihoenmss elves.
ReadeorfLs a nguaangPdeo wweirlr le catlhlep resetnhceeor feo ther
themewsh ichh aves ubsequefnotulnyde xpressiino Nno rman
Fairclooutghhe'wrsr itinsgisn cteh aptu blicatthieor ne,l antsihoip
betweent hes tudoyf d iscouarnsdes ocioctuulraclh angien p ost-
'
viiGiE NERALE DITORSP REFACE
industriale comnaormkienetos t,a bdleya lwitt ihn d eptihnh i1s9 92
publicaftoPiroo lni Ptrye sDsi,s coaunSrdos ceCi haaln tgheei, m portance
heh asa lwayasc cordteodt hea nalyosfit sh et extouftr eex tisn
undertaskoicinaigln stiturteisoenaaarlsce hv,i denicnhe idps u blications
int heJ ournoafPl rg amataincdDs i scouSroscei aentdpy e,r haps of
&
greatpeostte ntsiiagnilfi cabneccea uosfie t esn gagemweinttsh c hool
ingt,h ew ritiwnigtshh i cso lleafrgoumeL sa ncasatneder l sewhienr e
definitnhgefr ameworfokar n de xtensivielllyu sttrhaept riancgt oifc e
critliacnaglu aagwea renienst sh ecur riculum, collecitnhe ids1 992
editpeudb licautndieotrnh atti tilnLe o ngmaRn'esaL lan guSaegrei es.
Notwithstahnodwienvget rh ipsr oductiinvtee rfreosmt suac h
varietayu doifen caensdi, n p arbte cauosfie t i,ti sc letahra t sotmoe
commentaatnodrp sr actitioner-trheevs eerasyrc cohpaeenr dsa ttrac
tioonfc ritdiicsaclo uarnsael yhsaispsl acietad ts omrei sokft heoretical
blurrTihnigis.sa c oncesrnh arbeydN ormaFna irclhoiumgshea lshf e
makepsl aiinnh iIsn trodutctoti hoincs o llecotfih oinsp aperFso.r
somet heriesa nu rgent nteoer de -engwaigtech e ntcroanls troufc ts
powearn dk nowledagneda, b ovael li,d eolotgoyq ,u estwihoanti s
thi'sr ewaolr lodf's ociarle latiionin nss tituptriaocntaitlch eaists
represented lifnogorut ihsettrhisich saa lsll eytd, oc altlosr e-examine
thea ppardeentte rmionfit shmer elatiobnesthwiepte hne m acraon d
them icrfoo,or t heargsa itnoe xpanodu rf ocutsoe ncompnaostso n ly
whati sd iscourbsuetwd h ati sn otf,o rs omew hosed efinitoifo n
discouirssc ee ntrabloluyn dt o tohreg anizaotfim oena nintgos ,
balanwchea tt hesye ea st oog reaat tchrei tsitcuadloy fp roduction
witahn e qualclryi tsitcuadloy f c onsumMpettihoond.ol.o gailcsaol,l y
despistoem eq uintoet abrleec enatc hievemientn htecs r itaincaally sis
ofs pokedni scouirnws oer kplsaectet ianngdps r ofesseinocnoauln ters,
asw elalsm oreex tensiivnte hlemy o ret ractabloef w rfiieltdttsee nx ts,
theriesc ontinupirnagc tciocnacle arnb outth ed oabiliintt hye full
descriptive, ainndte exprlparneattisovereny s oef,c ritilcianlg uistic
reseaTrhcehr.ie sa goodd eaolf s o-caclrlietdai ncaally gsoiisn ogn
whicrehm ovetse xt(su suaplolryt aabnldew rittfreno)m theciorn di
tioonfsp roducatinodrn e ceptiinpo anr ticsuiltaaenrsdo nt heb asoifs
rather sulpienrgfiuciiaasnltdc i ocn teannta lymsaikset so ol aragl ee ap
tot hem acrFoa.i rclhoauswg arnhe d aboutth abte foarned,r ighstol.y
Nott hawte shouludn deresthiomwa tthee i mpeccagbrloyu nded
polysystaepmpirco aocfFh i ratnhdH allipdoasyec so nsidedreasbclrei p
tivdee mandssu,g gestaisin tgd oeas nda sF aircloruegfho rmulates
heret,h adti scouarnsael yissin so ta 'levoefla 'n alyassi,ss a y,
phonoloogrly e xico-agrrb,u ta ne xploraotfhi oown' texattas l' l
amm
'
GENERALE DITORS PREFACEi x
levewlosr kw ithisno ciocultpurraaclt iTcheiss.t, a kewni tht he
acknowleddigffiecdu lotfuy n dertackoilnlga borianttiervdei sciplinary
researscuhg,g estthsaN to rmaFna irclocuognhs'iss etmepnhta SoinS
then eedf orc ritdiicsaclo uarnsael ytsoie ss tabal ivsiha brlees earch
methodoliosbg oyt cha utioannadwr eyl l-judged.
Thesaer neo ti ntenadsea dr gumecnotsn twrhaa,tt h epyo inutpi s
;
thaFta irclopuagphe'hrsas v neo to nloyp eneadr icahn df omra nyl ike
myseald fe termianviennguf eol ri nguirsetsiecat rhcehhy,a vael ssoe t
ana gendaf olri ngueidsutcsa't ainodpn r actwihciecr he quiar celso se
connectbieotnw edeens cripatbiivleai nte yn,g agemweinttih s suoefs
sociaaln di ndivicdounacle arnn,i nvolvewmietnahtn dfr omt hpeo ints
ofv ieawn de xperieonftc heossw ei twhh omw er eseaarnci hn,f ormed
nesasb ouitn stituptriaocntaiilcn te hse c onteoxfta dynamiacn d
struggsloicinaoglr dearn da g roundiinnt gh osseo ciatlh eoriasmtplsy,
refertroei dnt hespea gewsh,o seen gagemiennd ti fferweanyts h as
beewni tthh ep roductofit ohnse o ciatlh roudgihs couArbsoev.ale l a,s
vanD ijmka dep laiinna receEndti tofroiDra ils couSrosceic ertityi,c al
&
discouarnsael ynseiesda sl watyosk eeipt asu dieinncv ei ewa,s ki'ntg o
whoimt rses uwlittsbh er eelvaanntud s fuel'No.r maFna irclowuogrhk' s
bya nya ccouhnatsk epatl tlh esceo ncerninsv iewa,st hespea pers
ampldye monstrate.
Therwea sn o doubtt,h ent,h atth eo pportuntoip tuyb lias h
collecotfNi oornm aFna irclokuegyph a'pse frrosm t hep erioofd1 983
to1 993s,o mep ublisahnedsd o mew rittfeonrt hicso llecwtoiuolnd,
offersr eadeorft sh Le anguianSg oec LiiaSflee r aim eesan tsh emselovfe s
engagiwnigtt hh ecsoen cernFso.ut rh emsetsr uctthucero el lection:
• three lationshilpa nbgeutawigedeee,no l anodgy p ower
• three lationshidpi sbceotuanwrdes eseno ciocultural change
• thcee ntraolfti etxyt anuaally stioss o ciraels earch
• thper incianpdl persa ctoifcrc iet ilcaanlg uaawgaer eness
Crossitnhge sgeo vernintgh emeosf F aircloruegshe'aswr ec h
can
identtihfryce een tcroanls troufcc rtist diicsaclo uarnsael ysis:
• texantd thset udoyf' texture'
• discouprrsaaclt anidc �ehsce o nce'potr doefrd si scourse'
• sociocuplrtaurcatlani dc tehsce o nceopf't c ulture'
Thed ynamiicn terpbleatyw etehn esteh emesa ndt hesceo nstructs
enabletsh er eadteore ngagwei twhh atf orm e ist heo verriding
metaphuonri titnhge spea perhsi,g hligbhytN eodr maFna irclionu gh
hidsi scusosfit ohnec ontribuotfBi akhotinns andG ramstcih,a otf t he
