Critical Care Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Critically Poisoned Patient

2988 Pages·2017·75.13 MB·English

by  Jeffrey Brent

Jeffrey Brent
Senior Editor
Keith Burkhart · Paul Dargan
Benjamin Hatten · Bruno Megarbane
Robert Palmer · Julian White
Editors
Critical Care
Toxicology
Diagnosis and Management of the
Critically Poisoned Patient
Second Edition
Critical Care Toxicology
Jeffrey Brent
Senior Editor
(cid:129)
Keith Burkhart Paul Dargan
(cid:129)
Benjamin Hatten Bruno Megarbane
(cid:129)
Robert Palmer Julian White
Editors
Critical Care Toxicology
Diagnosis and Management of
the Critically Poisoned Patient
Second Edition
With675Figuresand487Tables
SeniorEditor
JeffreyBrent
DepartmentofMedicine
DivisionofClinicalPharmacology
andToxicology
UniversityofColorado
SchoolofMedicine
Aurora,CO,USA
Editors
KeithBurkhart PaulDargan
FDA,OfficeofNew ClinicalToxicology
Drugs/ImmediateOffice StThomas’Hospital
CenterforDrugEvaluation SilverSpring,MD,USA
andResearch
SilverSpring,MD,USA
BenjaminHatten BrunoMegarbane
ToxicologyAssociates MedicalToxicologicalIntensive
UniversityofColorado CareUnit
SchoolofMedicine LariboisiereHospital
Denver,CO,USA Paris-DiderotUniversity
Paris,France
RobertPalmer JulianWhite
ToxicologyAssociates ToxinologyDepartment
UniversityofColorado Women’sandChildren’sHospital
SchoolofMedicine NorthAdelaide,SA,Australia
Denver,CO,USA
ISBN978-3-319-17899-8 ISBN978-3-319-17900-1(eBook)
ISBN978-3-319-17901-8(printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-17900-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017930938
1stedition:#Mosby2005
#SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,
andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or
bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis
bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained
hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwith
regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Foreword
CriticalCareToxicologybelongsineverycriticalcareunit,emergencydepart-
ment,poisoncenter,library,emergencyresponsecenter,andonthemosteasily
reachedshelfforanyoneinterestedinorwhocomesincontactwithmedical
toxicology. This masterful compilation of information has many attributes,
amongwhichare:
(cid:129) Evidencebasedwell-referencedinformation
(cid:129) Editorsandauthorswhoareexpertsintheirfields
(cid:129) Conciseandclearpresentation
(cid:129) Tablesthatconveycriticaldata
(cid:129) Figuresanddiagramsthatareclinicallyrelevant
(cid:129) Paragraphheadersthatallowfocusedaccesstoinformation
(cid:129) Calculationsandformulasthatarefullyexplained
(cid:129) Listsoftreatmentmaterialstoobtaininadvancewithcontactinformationof
unusualitems
(cid:129) Therapeutic dosages that are detailed enough to be utilized without addi-
tionalreferences
Inmostcases,diagnosticandtherapeuticinformationcanbeobtainedina
few minutes given the book’s careful organization. For those patients pre-
senting with complicated or multiple exposures, the structure provides a
straightforward method of rapidly developing and working through a differ-
entialdiagnosis.
The quality of this book should come as no surprise after looking at the
impressivelistingofauthors.Theeditors,eachofwhomIhaveknown,worked
with, and respected for many years, have selected an international group of
expertswhosecredibilityisunmatched.Theyrepresentthebestofourprofes-
sion of medical toxicology and have written a large percentage of the most
important and groundbreaking publications in our field. The editors and
authorsarethemostsought-aftereducatorsinourannualtoxicologymeetings
around the world and provide clinical expertise as well as leadership and
trainingforallofuswhoworkinthiswideandvariedarea.
In the preface to the first edition of Critical Care Toxicology, the word
“passion”occursintheveryfirstsentence.Forallofuswhohaveeverwrittena
scientificmonograph,paper,chapter,book,orpreparedateachingsession,the
wordpassioncertainlydefinesamajorrequirementforpreparationofmaterials
v
vi Foreword
thatwillcommunicatetheknowledgethatisintended.Ittakestimeandeffort
to write something that will stand the test of time, and when written with
passionitmeansthattheauthorhasnotskippedoveranythingandleftnothing
ofimportanceunaddressed.Itrequiresthoroughknowledgeofthesubject,real
world experience, fully researched literature, and draft after draft until com-
municationisassured.Whenreadingthisbook,itisapparentthattheeditors
andauthorshaveachievedtheirgoal.
Beforewritingthisforeword,theeditorsprovidedmewithsomechapters
fromthesecondedition.Inreviewingfourofthem–“Acid-base,”“Hypoten-
sionandShock,”“Seizures,”and“AcuteRespiratoryDistressSyndrome”–it
wasreadilyapparentthatthissecondeditionisanimprovementonanalready
excellent book. More current materials are included as expected, but using
thesechaptersasexamplestheauthorshavedramaticallyimprovedthisbook.
Acid-baseinthecriticalcaresettingisacomplicatedandoftendifficultissue.
To address that the authors have doubled the length of this chapter and
substantially added information which will be valuable to all who utilize it.
The chapters on hypotension and shock and acute respiratory distress syn-
drome have been broken out of their previous locations and addressed com-
prehensivelytoreflecttheirimportance.Thechapteronseizureshasalsobeen
doubledinlengthandcontainsaconsiderableamountofnewinformationthat
isclearlypresented.
Theauthorshavealsoaddedspeedofaccesstothisbookthroughtheuseof
atableofcontentsatthebeginningofeachchapter.Thisfurtherenhancesthe
abilityofthereadertogettoananswerunderemergentcircumstances.
Thebookalsohasanotherpurposethanjustprovidingcriticalinformation
inaclinicalsetting.Itprovidesaveryreadableandunderstandableeducational
experience for all those who are studying this area. This must include
addressing controversial areas with which the reader may be familiar and if
notfamiliaroughttobefamiliar,andthisbookengagesallofthis.
Eventhoseofuswhohavebeeninthisfieldforalongtimestandtolearn
somethingfromthisbook.Thediscussionofthestronganiongapintheacid-
basechaptercoupledwiththeverypracticalexplanationsoftheotherfactorsin
thisimportantareaistheclearestIhaveeverread.AnareainwhichIhavelittle
knowledgeismalignanthyperthermia,andthischapterprovidesaclearexpla-
nationalongwithevenaphonenumberandwebsitetogetadditionalupdated
informationinwhatisapparentlyarapidlyevolvingissue.Theeditorsclearly
wantreaderstogettherightanswerstotheirquestions.
CriticalCareToxicologycoversalloftheareasinmedicaltoxicologyina
seriesofwell-writtenchaptersfollowingtheexcellentchaptersthatprovidean
approach to the critically poisoned patient and an understanding of toxic
syndromes. Images of various aspects of toxicological encounters provide
visualreinforcementofthewrittenmaterials.
Theindexisverywelldoneandcomprehensive.Unlikethe7theditionin
1959ofNelson’spediatrictextwheretheeditor’sdaughter,whohatedhaving
to produce the index, entered under B “Birds, for the” and listed the entire
book, the index of Critical Care Toxicology was obviously prepared by
someonewhohadapassionforhelpingreadersgettoanswers.
Foreword vii
Critical Care Toxicology provides a very valuable contribution to all
aspects of medical toxicology from education to, as the title states, critical
care.Itshouldbereadilyaccessibletoeveryonewhomayfacethisissuefrom
formingadifferentialdiagnosistorenderingcare.
RockyMountainPoisonandDrugCenter BarryH.Rumack
Denver,Colorado DirectorEmeritus
USA
Preface to the Second Edition
ThosereaderswhoarefamiliarwiththefirsteditionofCriticalCareToxicol-
ogy(CCT)knowthatitwasaboutpassion–ourcollectivepassionforcaring
forpatientswiththegroupoffascinatingphysiologicalderangementscaused
byexogenouschemicalexposures.Whileourpassionforthefieldofclinical
toxicology remains unabated, an additional theme that characterizes the sec-
ondeditionofCriticalCareToxicologyisscientificevidence.
Inthe10yearssincethepublicationofthefirstedition,aconsiderablebody
ofnewscientificevidencehasemerged,newantidoteshavebecomeavailable,
andsystematicreviewsandmeta-analyseshavebecomemorecommonplacein
the field of clinical toxicology. Seizing upon the opportunity to provide a
compendiumofthisaccumulatedevidence-basedknowledge,wehaveworked
with our chapter authors to assure that they have stayed true to the existing
bodyofempiricaldataand,inthemanyplaces,wheredatagapsexistidentify
themsothattheuserofthisbookwillunderstandthebasisforthetreatment
recommendationsweprovide.InorderfortheuserofCCTtoquicklydiscern
the veracity of the evidence supporting the treatment recommendations pro-
vided, we have adopted the US Public Health Service’s rating of scientific
evidence. These gradings allow the reader to instantly know the level of
scientificsupportforvarioustreatmentrecommendationsandthustobeable
torelymostheavilyonwell-supportedtherapeuticmodalities.
Wearehighlycognizantoftherealitythattherearemanyareaswherethe
evidencebaserelatingtotreatmentdecisionsisinsufficient.Nevertheless,the
cliniciantreatingthecriticallypoisonedpatientstillrequiresguidance.Given
that so many of our chapter authors represent the world’s authority on their
topic, we have also strongly encouraged them to give their highly informed
opinionsonhowtoproceedinthemanyareaswherethereareclearknowledge
gaps. Where they have supplied these opinions they have been identified as
such,andwehaveworkedwiththemtoalsoexplaintheirthoughtprocesses
underlyingtheseopinions.
Weareveryproudofthegroupofchapterauthorsthathavebeenbrought
together in CCT. Where possible we have endeavored to recruit a group of
international experts in their respective subject matter who are also experi-
enced clinicians, proficient in the intensive care of patients poisoned by the
toxins and toxicants they have addressed. This quest for such a uniquely
qualified group of chapter authors has required us to seek out scholars from
manyareasoftheworld.Beingsuchhighlyrespectedindividuals,ourchapter
ix
x PrefacetotheSecondEdition
authorsareforthemostpartverybusywiththeirvariousacademicandclinical
pursuits.Wearegreatlyindebtedtothemforthegenerousdonationofthetime
theygaveustonotonlyproducetheirexcellentchaptersbutalsotoputupwith
our compulsively detailed editing and challenges to them for justification of
theinformationcontainedintheirchapters.Inmostinstances,theyhavedone
sobecausetheywerededicatedtotheideaofworkingwithustoachievethe
goalsenumeratedabove.
CriticalCareToxicologyisnotastatictextbookinthetraditionalsense.The
onlineversionisalivingdynamicdocumentthatcan,andwill,beupdatedas
needed and new chapters will be provided beyond the date of the original
publicationofthecurrentedition.Inthisway,wewillfeelconfidentthatyou,
thereaderofCCT,willhavethemostup-to-dateinformationavailabletoyou
inyourcareofyourcriticallypoisonedpatients.
JeffreyBrent
KeithBurkhart
PaulDargan
BenjaminHatten
BrunoMegarbane
RobertPalmer
JulianWhite
Preface to the First Edition
Tous,thisbookisaboutpassion.Itistheresultofthepassionweshareforthe
clinicalchallengeswefaceeverydayincaringforcriticallypoisonedpatients
and in understanding their unique and enchanting pathophysiology and its
therapeuticimplications.Thisisapassionwehopetoelicitinallwhoventure
into the world of clinical toxicology as they read this book. To the medical
toxicologist, the care of the seriously poisoned patients merges the diverse
worlds of critical care, emergency medicine, pharmacology, altered drug
pharmacokinetics (hence the term “toxicokinetics”), diagnostic challenges,
multisystem involvement in often otherwise healthy patients, and the use of
specificandoftenesoterictreatmentstrategiesandantidotes.
Beforeembarkingontheextraordinarilylabor-intensiveactivityofgener-
ating a book of this depth and complexity, we queried the importance of
producing another clinical toxicology textbook. We are aware of several
excellent general clinical toxicology textbooks on the market and appreciate
theirattemptstoachieveafargreaterbreadththanthepresentwork.However,
toxicology is such a broad field that general textbooks encompassing all of
clinical toxicology necessarily must limit the extent of their coverage of the
intensivecareunitmanagementofmajorpoisonings.Thus,theintensivist,and
critically poisoned patients, deserve a reference that specifically addresses
their needs. This needismade allthe more importantbythe life-threatening
natureofmanyofthesepoisonings.Starkevidenceofthecomplexityofjust
theseissuesisthattocoverthemadequatelyrequired160chaptersand1633
pages.
Our goal was to have the most knowledgeable and experienced medical
toxicologistsauthorrelevantchapters.Inordertoachievethisgoalwedrafted
ourcolleagueswithuniqueexperienceandexpertiseworldwide.Aswitnessed
byourcontributor list,all continents,except Antarctica, arerepresented. We
proudly boast that our collective chapter authors represent a significant pro-
portionofthemostexperiencedcriticalcaretoxicologistsintheworld.Med-
icaltoxicologistsinterestedinacutecaretendtobedomiciledatthebedside,in
poisoncenters,orboth.Becauseofthehighlyclinicalnatureofthisbook,we
selectedauthorswithapredominantlybedsidecareorientation.
WiththereadyaccesstofactsanddataviatheInternet,theverynatureof
hardcopybookshaschangeddramatically.Nolongerisitnecessaryforbooks
to be compendia of facts. However, electronic databases cannot convey the
reasoned clinical approaches and the synthesis of pathophysiology with
xi