Crisis Intervention and Trauma: New Approaches to Evidence-Based Practice

312 Pages·2002·13.29 MB·English

by  Jennifer L. Hillman (auth.)

Crisis Intervention
and Trauma
New Approaches to
Evidence-Based Practice
Issues in the Practice of Psychology
SERIES EDITOR:
George Stricker, Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies,
Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ELDERLY SEXUALITY
Jennifer L. Hillman
CRISIS INTERVENTION AND TRAUMA: New Approaches to
Evidence-Based Practice
Jennifer L. Hillman
HANDBOOK OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN BEHAVIORAL
HEALTH
Edited by George Stricker, Warwick G. Troy, and Sharon A. Shueman
PSYCHOTHERAPY AND BUDDHISM: Toward an Integration
Jeffrey B. Rubin
TEAM PERFORMANCE IN HEALTH CARE: Assessment and
Development
Edited by Gloria D. Heinemann and Antoinette M. Zeiss
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon
actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Crisis Intervention
and Trauma
NewApproachesto
Evidence-Based Practice
Jennifer L. Hillman
Pennsylvania State University
Berks-Lehigh Valley College
Reading, Pennsylvania
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4613-5231-0 ISBN 978-1-4615-0771-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0771-0
©2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer / Plenum Publishers, New York in 2002
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 2002
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the
exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and
executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
In honor of
those affected by the events of September 11, 2001
and in memory of
Roland Kandle
Preface
This book would not be possible without the courage of my patients.
I remain in awe of their resiliency, courage, and grace. I am honored to
bear witness as they share their most private experiences of trauma and
survival. I also would like to send a special thank-you to the Maple
Shade, NJ, United States Search and Rescue Task Force members.
A number of experienced, skilled, intelligent, open-minded, and
generous clinicians and researchers have helped shape my work in
crisis and trauma. These individuals include: George Stricker, Rick
Zweig, Eileen Rosendahl, Michael Bibbo, Donna Chimera, Andrea Rae,
Patrick Ross, Greg Hinrichsen, Jonathan Jackson, Denise Hien,
Adrienne DeSimonne, Nina Yentzer, Christine Li, Elissa Lesser,
Buckley Miller, Suzanne Weaver, Steven Silver, Edward Moon, and
Tom Skoloda. My undergraduate research assistants, Katie Traczuk,
Jason Briggs, Renee Waage, and Vanessa Milan, have been a terrific
help and a constant source of encouragement. I wish them all of the
best in their future endeavors.
I also would like to thank the following individuals, in addition to
my family members, for their tremendous emotional support: Molly
Dallmeyer, Jeffrey Kurtz, Rowena Fantasia-Davis, Francine Scoboria,
Ike Shibley, Lisa Shibley, Candace Spiegelman, Danielle Richards,
Henry Patterson, Willis Frankhouser, Peter Behrens, Carl Lovitt, Sandy
Feinstien, Deb Guy, Ken Fifer, and, once again, George Stricker.
The Berks County, Pennsylvania, Community Foundation, Berks
County AIDSNet (ofthe Pennsylvania Department of Health), the Berks
County Area on Aging, the Berks and Lehigh Valley County Red Cross,
Berks Women in Crisis, and the National Association of HIV over Fifty
also provided me with a significant amount of formal and informal
vii
viii Preface
research support. Barbara Waller, Kathleen Kinney, Nadine Miller,
Richard Mappin, Kevin Murphy, Andrea Rae, Nathan Linsk, Jayne
Fowler, and Ann Barlet, among others, provide invaluable leadership
in those aforementioned organizations. I thank them for allowing me to
be associated with them and the valuable work that they do.
Contents
1. Introductory Aspects of Crisis Intervention and Trauma
Counseling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. The Social Psychology of Trauma: What Clinicians Need
to Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 17
3. A Step-Wise Plan for Intervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4. Post Traumatic Stress: The Need for a Multidimensional
Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5. Long-Term Sequela of Trauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6. Patient Suicide: Clinical Assessment and Management. . . . 109
7. Violence: What is This Person Going to Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8. Helping Therapists Cope: Patient Suicide and Burnout. . . . 171
9. Death and Dying, Partner Abuse, and Other Subtypes of
Trauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 193
10. Violence in Social Settings: The Workplace, School, and
Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
11. Underserved Patient Populations: Children, Adolescents,
Older Adults, and Minority Group Members. . . . . . . . . . . . 241
12. The Future of Crisis Intervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
ix
1
Introductory Aspects of
Crisis Intervention and
Trauma Counseling
Although the ancient Chinese developed a character for the word
"crisis" by combining pictographs of both "danger" and "opportu
nity," clearly demonstrating their understanding of its potential for
both negative and positive outcomes, the formal recognition of crisis
intervention as a clinical specialty by the American Psychological
Association did not occur until 1989.
This text is designed to serve three broad purposes. First, it is designed
to alert mental health professionals to many of the newer, and some
times controversial, theoretical and practice issues in crisis interven
tion and trauma counseling. In response to increasing concerns about
the effectiveness of various approaches to treatment (e.g., third party
payers; managed care organizations), significant emphasis has been
placed upon the integration of empirical research findings. Earnest
effort also has been made to present relate clinical case reports in order
to provide a balanced perspective.
Second, this text is intended to serve as a resource for both novice
and experienced professionals. Consistent with recent trends in which
therapists are learning to recognize the critical need for appropriate
self-care, a vital feature of this text is an exploration of the personal
impact that such challenging work can have upon therapists them
selves. Because the vast majority of clinical case studies available in
1