Criminology, 1st Canadian Edition

461 Pages·2008·12.21 MB·English

Sociology
Criminology
1st Canadian Edition
Adler−Mueller−Laufer−Grekul
(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)
McGraw-Hill
McGraw−Hill Primis
ISBN−10: 0−39−092854−2
ISBN−13: 978−0−39−092854−2
Text:

Criminology, Canadian Edition
Adler−Mueller−Laufer−Grekul
This book was printed on recycled paper.
Sociology
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111 SOCIGEN ISBN−10: 0−39−092854−2 ISBN−13: 978−0−39−092854−2
Sociology
Contents
Adler−Mueller−Laufer−Grekul (cid:129) Criminology, Canadian Edition
Front Matter 1
Preface 1
I. Understanding Criminology 9
Introduction 9
1. The Changing Boundaries of Criminology 10
2. Counting Crime and Measuring Criminal Behaviour 28
3. Schools of Thought throughout History 62
II. Explanations of Crime and Criminal Behaviour 83
Introduction 83
4. Psychological and Biological Perspectives 84
5. Strain Theories 114
6. Cultural Deviance and the Formation of Subcultures 136
7. Social Control Theory 164
8. Labelling, Conflict, Radical, and Feminist Theories 190
9. Environmental Theory 220
III. Types of Crimes 243
Introduction 243
10. Violent Crimes 244
11. Crimes against Property 276
12. White−Collar, Corporate, and Organized Crime 298
13. Public Order Crimes 330
14. International and Comparative Criminology 360
Back Matter 381
Notes 381
Glossary 425
Credits 431
Indexes 437
iii

Adler−Mueller−Laufer−Grekul: Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill 1
Criminology, Canadian Companies, 2009
Edition
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
FREDA ADLER is Distinguished Professor College. He was the author or editor of some
of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University, School of 50 books and close to 300 scholarly articles.
Criminal Justice. She received her BA in sociology,
her MA in criminology, and her PhD in sociology JANA GREKUL is Assistant Professor of Sociol-
from the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Adler ogy and D irector of Criminology at the Univer-
began her career in criminal justice as an evalu- sity of Alberta. After completing her BA degree
ator of drug and alcohol treatment programs for in sociology at the University of A lberta, Dr.
U.S. federal and state governments. Since 1968, she Grekul, went on to complete her MA in 1995 and
has taught such subjects as criminal justice, crim her PhD in 2002. Her master’s t hesis research was
inology, comparative criminal justice systems, conducted at a maximum-s ecurity prison where
statistics, and research methods. She has served she investigated the impact of group processes
as criminal justice advisor to the United Nations, on the misperceptions and misunderstandings
as well as to various governments. Dr. Adler’s that occur between correctional offi cers and in-
published works include 17 books as author or co- mates, and how these processes contribute to
author, nine books as editor or co- editor, and more prison violence. Her doctoral research was a
than 90 journal articles. She has served on the edi- case study of the eugenics movement in Alberta.
torial boards of the Journal of Criminal Justice, Crim- Dr. Grekul’s current research interests include
inology, and the Journal of Research on Crime and studying street and prison gangs, and particu-
Delinquency. Dr. Adler serves as editorial consul- larly Aboriginal gangs. She is involved with the
tant to the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Community Solution to Gang Violence as part
and co-editor of Advances in Criminological Theory. of the Research and Evaluation team. She is also
She also has served as president of the American working on a research p roject that focuses on the
Society of Criminology (1994–1995). experiences of women in academia. Dr. Grekul
teaches a variety of sociology and criminology
GERHARD O. W. MUELLER was Dis- courses and recently published Sociology Matters.
tinguished Professor of Criminal Justice at
Rutgers University, School of Criminal Justice. WILLIAM S. LAUFER is Associate Professor
After earning his JD degree from the University of Legal Studies and Business Ethics, Sociol-
of Chicago, he went on to receive a master of ogy, and Criminology at the Wharton School
laws degree from Columbia University. He was of the University of Pennsylvania. He is Direc-
awarded the degree of DrJur (hc) by the Univer- tor of the Carol and Lawrence Zicklin Center
sity of Uppsala, Sweden. His career in crimi- for Business Ethics Research and Associate
nal justice began in 1945, when he served as a Director of the Jerry Lee Center of Criminology.
chief petty offi cer in the British Military Gov- Dr. Laufer received his BA in Social and Be-
ernment Water Police, where he commanded havioural Sciences at the Johns Hopkins
a Coast Guard cutter. As Chief of the United University, his JD at Northeastern Univer-
Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Jus- sity School of Law, and his PhD at Rutgers
tice Branch, he was responsible for all United University School of Criminal Justice. Since
Nations programs dealing with problems of 1987, he has taught such subjects as corporate
crime and justice worldwide. He continued his and white-collar crime, business ethics, criminal
service to the United Nations as Chairman ad law and criminal procedure, and criminology.
interim of the Board of the International Scien- His most recent book, C orporate Bodies and Guilty
tifi c and Professional Advisory Council of the Minds, was published by University of Chicago
United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Press in 2006. He is co-editor of the Handbook
Justice Programme. Professor Mueller was a of Psychology and Law; Personality Theory, Moral
member of the faculties of law at the University Development and Criminal Behaviour; and Crime,
of Washington, West Virginia University, New Values and Religion. Dr. Laufer is co-editor with
York University, and the National Judicial Freda Adler of Advances in Criminological Theory.
2 Adler−Mueller−Laufer−Grekul: Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Criminology, Canadian Companies, 2009
Edition
DEDICATION
For
Oliver, his Baba, and his Gido.
~J.G.
Canadian Reviewers
Dr. Jon Frauley York University
Marilyn Bell-McQuillan University of Calgary
Oliver R. Stoetzer Fanshawe College
Deidre Way Consulting Loyalist College
Carla Hotel Douglas College
Shahid Alvi University of Ontario Institute of Technology
Amy Walther Georgian College
Lorne Landry Sheridan College
David Ryan/Animated Resolutions Seneca College
Dale Dearden Kwantlen University College
Dr. Randy Lippert University of Windsor
Adler−Mueller−Laufer−Grekul: Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill 3
Criminology, Canadian Companies, 2009
Edition
PREFACE
C
riminology is a young discipline—in haven’t. Criminal labels are one way of creating
fact, the term “criminology” is only a insider-outsider boundaries that serve to sepa-
little over a century old. But in this brief rate us from each other.
time, criminology has emerged as an important We invite teachers and students alike to
social and behavioural science devoted to the join us in travelling along criminology’s path,
study of crime as a social phenomenon. Crimi- exploring the intricacies of its domain, and
nology fosters theoretical debates, contributes mapping out its future.
ideas, and suggests solutions to a crime prob-
lem that many consider intolerable. Problems as THE FIRST CANADIAN EDITION
vital and urgent as those addressed in this book
are challenging, exciting, and, at the same time, This fi rst Canadian edition builds on the
disturbing and tragic. Moreover, these prob- strengths of six previous American editions.
lems are immediately relevant to students’ lives. A major focus of these foundational editions
This is especially true today, where we witness was the preparation of criminology students to
reports of increasing gang activity, revelations understand the contemporary problems with
of new corporate scandals, and consequences of which criminology is concerned and to antici-
environmental crimes. pate those issues that society would have to
Our goal with this book is to discuss these face in the twenty-fi rst century. We have now
problems, their origins, and their possible solu- entered that century and are faced with new
tions in a clear, practical, straightforward fash- developments and issues that pertain directly
ion that brings the material to life for students. to the work of criminologists.
It is critical that we situate the behaviours la- While Canada shares many of the same social
belled as criminal within the broader social, and crime problems as the United States, this
economic, political, and cultural frameworks country is unique in many respects. For ex-
within which they take place. This means that ample, the rate of violent crime in Canada is
integral to explaining crime is an understand- signifi cantly lower than it is in the United States,
ing that our defi nition and perception of be- and gun-related violence is not as prevalent.
haviours as criminal is infl uenced by the time Canada’s multicultural society, and the promi-
period within which we live, the culture of nent place in that society of the two Charter
which we are a part, and inequalities based on groups (the English and the French), as well as
ethnicity, class, gender, and age. First Nations peoples, means that our cultural
The image on the cover of this text is fi tting heritage presents interesting and important con-
for a variety of reasons. First, as you will see texts to crime-related issues in society. Gangs,
throughout the text, criminal acts are the result long established in many U.S. states, have only
of a chain of events. Socialization and processes recently become a cause for concern in Canada.
based in the family infl uence behaviours, as These differences infl uence the work of Canadian
do experiences at school, among peers, in the criminologists and, along with a variety of other
workplace, and in broader society. Media is a differences discussed throughout the text, make
critical factor here too. Second, for criminolo- Canadian criminology a unique enterprise.
gists who focus their attention on precursors to Also providing context to the work of
crime, prevention or targeting a particular link Canadian criminologists is the traditionally
in the chain, such as family violence or poverty, more progressive Canadian public. Canada has
can effectively prevent the criminal act from oc- legalized same-sex unions and taken steps to-
curring. Third, the chain serves as a reminder to ward the decriminalization of marijuana. The
us that there are institutions in place that rein- work of Canadian criminologists is infl uenced
force the divisions in our society between those by the relatively liberal nature of public opin-
who have crossed the legal line and those who ion in the country and public understanding
xi
4 Adler−Mueller−Laufer−Grekul: Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Criminology, Canadian Companies, 2009
Edition
xii Preface
of crime and social problems. As a result, the • Chapter 2, “Counting Crime and Measur-
emphases in this Canadian edition differ some- ing Criminal Behaviour,” focuses on
what from the American editions. what crime is and how we measure it. This
First, we focus on the socially constructed organization makes the material on crime
nature of crime in Chapter 1 and to some extent measurement—which can sometimes
throughout the text, pointing to the relativity be diffi cult for students to grasp—more
of crime: Behaviour considered criminal in one meaningful, relevant, and understandable
time period, or one cultural context, may in an- by presenting it alongside the more inher-
other context be labelled “normal.” The under- ently concrete discussion of what crime is.
lying theme is that a variety of social structural
• Chapter 12, “White-Collar, Corporate, and
factors often interact to produce the kinds of
Organized Crime,” addresses the problems
behaviours that tend to be labelled criminal in
of white-collar and corporate crime. This
society. In some ways, criminals are not all that
is a welcome change from a fi eld that often
different from non-criminals, except that envi-
has as its focus more traditional violent
ronmental, social, and other factors have joined
and property offences.
together in a particular confi guration that pro-
• Chapter 14, “International and Compara-
duces their criminal behaviours. In other words,
tive Criminology,” focuses on criminology
criminals are sometimes not really so different
from a global perspective and highlights
from the rest of us: We are all interconnected. It
comparative criminology, its history,
follows then, that a more humanistic stance to-
purpose, and goals.
ward understanding and dealing with deviant
and criminal behaviours is in the best interest of Inasmuch as developments in criminology in-
society’s members. fl uence and are infl uenced by media reports
The Canadian edition provides a more inte- of national signifi cance, the student will fi nd
grated feminist perspective on various crimi- discussion and analysis of recent major cur-
nological issues. As well, the work of Canadian rent events.
critical criminologists is discussed in some detail. We have endeavoured in this edition not only
Chapter 12, “White-Collar, Corporate, and Orga- to refl ect developments and changes, but to an-
nized Crime,” in particular, draws on many Cana- ticipate them on the basis of the latest Canadian
dian examples, from Conrad Black’s exploits, to criminological data. After all, those who study
the Walkerton tragedy, and the mercury poison- criminology with our text today must be ready
ing suffered by First Nations groups in Canada. to address and resolve new criminological is-
Many would argue that white-collar and corpo- sues tomorrow when they are decision makers,
rate offences have been on the periphery of the researchers, teachers, and planners. The aim,
fi eld of criminology—but not for much longer. however, remains constant: to reach a future as
We have vigorously researched, refi ned, and free from human suffering as possible.
updated every chapter of the text—and, wher-
ever possible, have integrated Canadian re- ORGANIZATION
search and examples, not only to maintain the
book’s scholarly integrity, but also to ensure its Part I, “Understanding Criminology,” presents
relevance for today’s students. While all chap- an overview of criminology and describes the
ters are critical to understanding crime and vast horizon of this science. It explains what
criminology today, four chapters in particular crime is and techniques for measuring the
add depth to this text: amount and characteristics of crime and crimi-
nals. It also traces the history of criminologi-
• Chapter 1, “The Changing Boundaries of cal thought through the era that witnessed the
Criminology,” introduces students to the formation of the major schools of criminology,
relativity of crime, and the ways in which classicism and positivism (eighteenth and nine-
power and inequality, as well as historical, teenth centuries).
political, temporal, and cultural contexts Part II, “Explanations of Crime and Criminal
infl uence the defi nition of crime. Behaviour,” includes explanations of crime and
Adler−Mueller−Laufer−Grekul: Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill 5
Criminology, Canadian Companies, 2009
Edition
Preface xiii
criminal behaviour on the basis of the various • Criminology & Public Policy exercises.
theories developed in the twentieth century. Activities at the end of each chapter that
Among the subjects covered are theories that challenge students to explore policy issues
offer biological, psychological, sociological, so- related to criminology.
ciopolitical, and integrated explanations.
We are particularly proud of our “box” program.
C overage of research by radical, socialist, and
In these boxes, we highlight criminologically sig-
feminist criminologists has been Canadianized
nifi cant issues that deserve special discussion:
and updated. Theories that discuss why of-
• Debatable Issues boxes highlight current
fenders choose to commit one offence rather
controversies that challenge us to come up
than another at a given time and place are also
with a resolution.
covered in this part.
Part III, “Types of Crimes,” covers the vari- • Of Immediate Concern boxes highlight
ous types of crimes from a legal and sociologi- problems “of the moment,” due to their
cal perspective. The familiar street crimes, such technological nature or human implica-
as homicide and robbery, are assessed, as are tions, which challenge us to come up with
other criminal activities such as white-collar specifi c effective responses right now.
and corporate crime, which are so much in the Thus, in the wake of school killings, should
spotlight these days, as well as other high-tech we create maximim-security schools? In
crimes that have been highlighted by research- light of our experience with hate-motivated
ers only in recent years. Chapter 14, “Interna- crimes, are harsher laws called for?
tional and Comparative Criminology,” which
• Window to the World boxes examine devel-
deals with an area with vastly increased practi-
opments abroad that affect Canada’s crime
cal and policy implications, has been expanded
situation. Now that ethnic gangs have
and updated in light of the growing research in
emerged around the world and are, among
the fi eld.
other things, forcibly transporting women
and young girls to be sex slaves, how can
PEDAGOGICAL AIDS nations deal with the problem?
• From the Media boxes discuss current issues
Working together, the authors and the editors
and problems reported in the media. These
have developed a format for the text that sup-
boxes are doubly benefi cial to students:
ports the goal of a readable, practical, and at-
Not only do they relate chapter material to
tractive text. In addition to all the changes
what students see every day on the news,
already mentioned, we include plentiful, cur-
they provide yet another means of keeping
rent photographs to make the book even more
students focused on all important policy
approachable. Redesigned and carefully updat-
issues in criminology.
ed tables and fi gures highlight and amplify the
text coverage. Chapter outlines, chapter review
SUPPLEMENTS PACKAGE
sections, and a comprehensive glossary all help
students to master the material. Always striving As a full-service publisher of quality educa-
to help students see the relevance of criminol- tional products, McGraw-Hill Ryerson does
ogy in their lives, we also include unique, inno- much more than just sell textbooks. The com-
vative features such as: pany creates and publishes an extensive array
• Did You Know? Surprising factual realities of print, video, and digital supplements for
that provide eye-opening information students and instructors. This edition of Crimi-
about chapter topics. nology is accompanied by an extensive, compre-
hensive supplements package:
• Research Informs Policy. Brief sections
at the end of theory chapters that de-
For the Student
monstrate how problems identifi ed
by criminologists have led to practical Online Learning Centre Website. An innovative
solutions. website features unique Interactive Explorations
6 Adler−Mueller−Laufer−Grekul: Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Criminology, Canadian Companies, 2009
Edition
xiv Preface
that allow students to explore some of the hot- many to list here, but I do want to make special
test topics in criminal justice today—terrorism, mention of Karen Ritcey and Jodi Lewchuk who
serial killers, gangs, and so on. The website also started this whole thing. Nicole Lukach and
features PowerWeb, online access to articles from Nick Durie, an absolute pleasure to work with,
the popular and scholarly press, weekly updates, are also incredibly perceptive and thoughtful
daily newsfeeds, a search engine, and more. All of individuals. Marcia Luke and James Booty are
this material—plus fl ashcards that can be used to very diligent and conscientious developmental
master vocabulary and a wealth of other review editors. I would also like to acknowledge the
materials—is organized by chapter for ease of careful attention the manuscript received from
use when studying for exams or writing papers. Elizabeth Priest and Valerie Adams. Alison
D erry is someone I would love to bargain shop
For the Instructor
with sometime—thank you! Shelley Wickabrod
did so much more than she needed to: Her
• Instructor’s Manual/Testbank. The manual
strength, wisdom, and sense of humour were
includes detailed chapter outlines, key
a true gift throughout the process. Thanks also
terms, overviews, lecture notes, and a
to Joanna Cotton, Marina Seguin, Edith Smith,
complete testbank.
and the entire team at McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
• Computerized Testbank. Easy-to-use comput- I am very fortunate to work in a sociology
erized testing program is compatible with department fi lled with talented and personable
both Windows and Macintosh computers. individuals who are supportive. In particular, I
• PowerPoint Slides. Complete, chapter-by- want to acknowledge the superb mentorship of
chapter slide shows feature text, art, and Harvey Krahn and Tim Hartnagel. Flora Web-
tables. ber, Charlene Marshall, and Bev Wald are an
absolute joy to work with. Kim Sanderson, my
• Online Learning Centre Website. Password-
“partner in crime” at work, deserves thanks for
protected access to supplements and other
her (more than) capable help, patience, and ear
important instructor support materials and
over the past year.
additional resources.
Thanks to Patti and Allen Benson, whom I
• Full-Length Videotapes. A wide variety of can always count on.
videotapes from the Films for the Humani- I am surrounded by the most sincere, clever,
ties and Social Sciences series is available to and forgiving students, who mean a great deal
adopters of the text. to me and whose insights have contributed in
• Primis Online. This unique database pub- one way or another to this book. I can’t thank
lishing system allows instructors to create each and every one, but I want to thank a spe-
their own custom text from material in cial few: Kiara, Lara, Andrea, Emily, Eman,
Criminology or elsewhere and deliver that Candace, Rena, Keith, Timm, and Justin. And
text to students electronically as an e-book all the BA Criminology students!
or in print format via the bookstore. Bill and Connor: Thank you for tip-toeing
around in the morning and letting me sleep in
All of the above supplements are provided free
after a late night of writing and for putting up
of charge to students and instructors. Orders of
with a workaholic.
new (versus used) textbooks help us defray the
Though many think their parents are the
cost of developing such supplements, which is
best, mine really are. My brother is the sweet-
substantial. Please contact your local McGraw-
est soul who breaks traditional gender norms,
Hill Ryerson representative for more informa-
while at the same time maintaining the best of
tion on any of these supplements.
them. My sister-in-law is a rare gem. They all
IN APPRECIATION defy proper acknowledgment or description.
And my sister? Not only is she my idol and best
I would like to acknowledge the many people friend, but she really gets it. Thank you, Lisa.
who have contributed in one way or another
—Jana Grekul
to the completion of this project. There are too