Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science

548 Pages·2015·45.944 MB·English

by  Richard Saferstein

GlobAl GlobAl
EdITIon EdITIon
EG
dl
ITo
IobA
nl

A
For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has n

I
n
collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range t
rC
o
d
of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible ur
ci
tm
learning tools. This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach io
n
and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization toin
a
F
and adaptation from the north American version. oli
res
nt
si
icc
Ss
c
ie
n
c
e
E
l
E
v
E
n
T
h

E
d
I
T
I
o
n
S
afe C riminalistics
r
s
t
e
in
An Introduction to Forensic Science
This is a special edition of an established title widely E lEvEnTh EdITIon
used by colleges and universities throughout the world.
Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit
of students outside the United States and Canada. If you R ichard Saferstein
purchased this book within the United States or Canada
you should be aware that it has been imported without
the approval of the Publisher or Author.
Pearson Global Edition
SAFERSTEIN_1292062029_mech.indd 1 28/03/14 5:41 PM
> > > > > > > > > > > >
11
edition
Criminalistics
An Introduction
to Forensic Science
Global Edition
Richard Saferstein, Ph.D.
Forensic Science Consultant, Mt. Laurel, New Jersey
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
# 150233 Cust: Pearson Au: Saferstein Pg. No. 1 C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e
A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.Tinidtdle : 1 Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science Server: Jobs4 Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM
Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Sandhya Ghoshal
Editorial Director: Vernon R. Anthony
Associate Project Editor, Global Edition: Uttaran Das Gupta
Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Edition: Laura Dent
Procurement Specialist: Deidra M. Skahill
Executive Editor: Gary Bauer
Creative Director: Andrea Nix
Program Manager: Alicia Ritchey
Art Director: Diane Y. Ernsberger
Development Editor: Elisa Rogers, 4development
Cover Designer:
Editorial Assistant: Lynda Cramer
Media Project Manager: Leslie Brado
Director of Marketing: David Gesell
Media Coordinator: April Cleland
Marketing Manager: Mary Salzman
Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition:
Senior Marketing Coordinator: Alicia Wozniak
Trudy Kimber
Marketing Assistant: Les Roberts
Full-Service Project Management: Shyam Ramasubramony,
Team Lead for Project Management: JoEllen Gohr
S4Carlisle Publishing Services
Project Manager: Jessica H. Sykes
Cover Image: © kilukilu/Shutterstock
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM 20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsonglobaleditions.com
© Pearson Education Limited 2015
The rights of Richard Saferstein to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 11th edition,
ISBN 978-0-133-45882-4, by Richard Saferstein, published by Pearson Education © 2015.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting
restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher
any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by
such owners.
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page
within text.
Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related
graphics published as part of the services for any purpose. All such documents and related graphics are provided “as is” without warranty of any
kind. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions with regard to this information, including all warranties
and conditions of merchantability, whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement. In no event shall
Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of
use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of
information available from the services. The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical
errors. Changes are p eriodically added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes
in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time. Partial screen shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified.
Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. This book is not sponsored
or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation.
ISBN 10: 1-292-06202-9
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06202-0 (Print)
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06867-1 (PDF)
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
14 13 12 11
Typeset by S4Carlisle Publishing Services in Times Roman 9/10.
Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in The United States of America.
# 150233 Cust: Pearson Au: Saferstein Pg. No. 2 C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e
A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.Tinidtdle : 2 Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science Server: Jobs4 Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM
To the memory of Fran and Michael
# 150233 Cust: Pearson Au: Saferstein Pg. No. 3 C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e
A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.Tinidtdle : 3 Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science Server: Jobs4 Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM
This page is intentionally left blank.
# 150233 Cust: Pearson Au: Saferstein Pg. No. 4 C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e
A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.Tinidtdle : 4 Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science Server: Jobs4 Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM
brief contents
preface 11
about the author 17
chapter 1 chapter 11
Science and Technology Drug Abuse and Drug Evidence 277
in Criminal Investigation 21
chapter 12
chapter 2
Forensic Toxicology 317
Crime-Scene Investigation 47
chapter 13
chapter 3
Examination of Metals, Paint,
Assessing the Physical Evidence 77 and Soil 345
chapter 4 chapter 14
Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Forensic Serology 371
Bloodstain Evidence 93
chapter 15
chapter 5
DNA: The Indispensable Forensic
The Role of Forensic Experts Science Tool 395
in Death Investigation 117
chapter 16
chapter 6
Investigation of Arson
Detecting Crimes with Fingerprints 143 and Explosions 425
chapter 7 chapter 17
The Microscope and Its Forensic Scientific Examination
Applications 167 of Documents 455
chapter 8 chapter 18
Firearms, Tool Marks, Computer Forensics 473
and Other Impressions 185
chapter 19
chapter 9
Mobile Device Forensics 501
Forensic Analysis of Matter,
Light, and Glass 221
appendixes 513
chapter 10
index 525
Evidentiary Value of Hair
and Fibers 249
5
# 150233 Cust: Pearson Au: Saferstein Pg. No. 5 C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e
A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.Tinidtdle : 5 Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science Server: Jobs4 Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM
contents
preface 11
about the author 17
The Significance of Physical Evidence 79
chapter 1
Forensic Databases 85
Science and Technology in Criminal Case Files
Investigation 21 Gerald Wallace 88
Case Files
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science 22
History and Development of The Center City Rapist 88
Forensic Science 24
Case Files
Crime Laboratories 27
NIBIN Links Handgun to Suspects 88
Organization of a Crime Laboratory 28
Services of the Crime Laboratory 30 Case Files
Functions of the Forensic Scientist 32 Aztec Gold Metallic Hit
and Run 89
Case Files
Chapter Summary 90
Dr. Coppolino’s Deadly House Calls 36
Review Questions 90
Other Forensic Science Services 39
Application and Critical Thinking 91
Chapter Summary 42
Further References 91
Review Questions 42
Application and Critical Thinking 43
chapter 4
Further References 45
Crime-Scene Reconstruction:
chapter 2
Bloodstain Evidence 93
Crime-Scene Investigation 47 Crime-Scene Reconstruction 94
General Features of Bloodstain
Processing the Crime Scene 48
Formation 95
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene 66
Impact Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 97
Chapter Summary 67
More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 101
Review Questions 68
Application and Critical Thinking 69 Case Files
Further References 70 Blood-Spatter Evidence 102
case analysis 70 Other Bloodstain Patterns 104
Case Study Documenting Bloodstain Pattern
Evidence 108
The Enrique Camarena Case:
A Forensic Nightmare 71 Case Files
Bloodstain Reconstruction 110
chapter 3
Chapter Summary 112
Review Questions 112
Assessing the Physical Evidence 77
Application and Critical Thinking 114
Common Types of Physical Evidence 78 Further References 115
6
# 150233 Cust: Pearson Au: Saferstein Pg. No. 6 C/M/Y/K S4cDEaSIGrN SlERVWICESi OSF le
A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.Tinidtdle : 6 Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science Server: Jobs4 Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM
contentS 7
The Comparison Microscope 171
chapter 5
The Stereoscopic Microscope 173
The Polarizing Microscope 174
The Role of Forensic Experts
The Microspectrophotometer 175
in Death Investigation 117
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 176
Role of the Forensic Pathologist 118 Forensic Palynology: Pollen and
Spores as Evidence 178
Role of the Forensic Anthropologist 128
Case Files
Case Files
Clues from the Cornfield 181
Identifying a Serial Killer’s Victims 134
Role of the Forensic Entomologist 135 Chapter Summary 182
Review Questions 182
Case Files
Application and Critical Thinking 183
The Danielle Van Dam Murder Case 136
Further References 183
Chapter Summary 137
Review Questions 138 chapter 8
Application and Critical Thinking 139
Further References 141 Firearms, Tool Marks,
and Other Impressions 185
chapter 6
Types of Firearms 186
Detecting Crimes with Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons 188
Automated Firearms Search Systems 194
Fingerprints 143
Case Files
History of Fingerprinting 144
Sacco and Vanzetti 195
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints 145
Gunpowder Residues 198
Classification of Fingerprints 150
Serial Number Restoration 204
Automated Fingerprint
Identification Systems 151 Collection and Preservation
of Firearms Evidence 205
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints 153
Tool Marks 206
Case Files
Other Impressions 209
The Night Stalker 153
Case Files
Case Files
The O. J. Simpson Trial—Who Left
The Mayfield Affair 154 the Impressions at the Crime Scene? 216
Preservation of Developed Prints 160 Chapter Summary 216
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Review Questions 217
Enhancement 160
Application and Critical Thinking 218
Chapter Summary 162 Further References 219
Review Questions 163
Application and Critical Thinking 164 chapter 9
Further References 165
Forensic Analysis of Matter,
chapter 7
Light, and Glass 221
The Microscope and Its Forensic The Nature of Matter 222
Forensic Analysis of Glass 235
Applications 167
Glass Fractures 241
Basics of the Microscope 168 Collection and Preservation
The Compound Microscope 169 of Glass Evidence 243
# 150233 Cust: Pearson Au: Saferstein Pg. No. 7 C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e
A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.Tinidtdle : 7 Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science Server: Jobs4 Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM
8 contentS
Chapter Summary 244 Application and Critical Thinking 314
Review Questions 244 Further References 315
Review Questions for Inside the Science 245
Application and Critical Thinking 246 chapter 12
Further References 247
Forensic Toxicology 317
chapter 10
Role of Forensic Toxicology 318
Toxicology of Alcohol 318
Evidentiary Value of Hair
Testing for Intoxication 322
and Fibers 249
Analysis of Blood for Alcohol 327
Forensic Examination of Hair 250 Alcohol and the Law 328
Morphology of Hair 250 The Role of the Toxicologist 331
Identification and Comparison Case Files
of Hair 255
Michael Jackson: The Demise
Case Files of a Superstar 332
The Central Park Jogger Case Revisited 256
Case Files
Collection and Preservation
Accidental Overdose: The Tragedy
of Hair Evidence 258
of Anna Nicole Smith 333
Forensic Examination of Fibers 259
Case Files
Case Files
Joann Curley: Caught by a Hair 337
The Ennis Cosby Homicide 259
The Drug Recognition Expert 338
Identification and Comparison
Chapter Summary 341
of Manufactured Fibers 264
Review Questions 341
Case Files
Review Questions for Inside the Science 342
Fatal Vision Revisited 268
Application and Critical Thinking 343
Collection and Preservation Further References 343
of Fiber Evidence 270
Chapter Summary 271 chapter 13
Review Questions 271
Review Questions for Inside the Science 272 Examination of Metals,
Application and Critical Thinking 273
Paint, and Soil 345
Further References 275
Forensic Analysis of Trace Elements 346
chapter 11
Case Files
Death by Radiation Poisoning 355
Drug Abuse and Drug Evidence 277
Forensic Examination of Paint 356
Drug Dependence 278 Case Files
Types of Drugs 280
The Predator 363
Drug-Control Laws 292
Forensic Analysis of Soil 364
Collection and Preservation
of Drug Evidence 294 Case Files
Forensic Drug Analysis 294 Soil: The Silent Witness 366
Spectrophotometry 305
Chapter Summary 367
Mass Spectrometry 308
Review Questions 368
Chapter Summary 311 Review Questions for Inside the Science 369
Review Questions 312 Application and Critical Thinking 369
Review Questions for Inside the Science 314 Further References 369
# 150233 Cust: Pearson Au: Saferstein Pg. No. 8 C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e
A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.Tinidtdle : 8 Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science Server: Jobs4 Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM
contentS 9
chapter 14 chapter 16
Forensic Serology 371 Investigation of Arson
and Explosions 425
The Nature of Blood 372
Immunoassay Techniques 376 Forensic Investigation of Arson 426
Forensic Characterization The Chemistry of Fire 426
of Bloodstains 376
Searching the Fire Scene 432
Principles of Heredity 382
Collection and Preservation
Forensic Characterization of Semen 384 of Arson Evidence 435
Collection and Preservation Analysis of Flammable Residues 436
of Rape Evidence 387
Explosions and Explosives 437
Case Files Collection and Analysis of Evidence
of Explosives 444
A DNA Bonus 390
Chapter Summary 391 Case Files
Review Questions 391 Liquid Explosives 445
Review Questions for Inside the Science 392 Chapter Summary 449
Application and Critical Thinking 393 Review Questions 450
Further References 393 Review Questions for Inside the Science 451
Application and Critical Thinking 451
chapter 15
Further References 453
DNA: The Indispensable chapter 17
Forensic Science Tool 395
Scientific Examination
What Is DNA? 396
of Documents 455
DNA at Work 398
Replication of DNA 399 Document Examiner 456
DNA Typing with Short Tandem Handwriting Comparisons 456
Repeats 399
Typescript Comparisons 461
The Combined DNA Index System
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations 463
(CODIS) 410
Other Document Problems 465
Mitochondrial DNA 410
Chapter Summary 470
Case Files Review Questions 471
Cold Case Hit 410 Application and Critical Thinking 471
Collection and Preservation of Biological Further References 471
Evidence for DNA Analysis 413
chapter 18
Case Files
Contact Lens Evidence 416
Computer Forensics 473
Case Files
From Input to Output:
The JonBenét Ramsey
How Does the Computer Work? 474
Murder Case 417
Storing and Retrieving Data 479
Chapter Summary 419 Processing the Electronic Crime Scene 480
Review Questions 420 Analysis of Electronic Data 483
Review Questions for Inside the Science 421 Forensic Analysis of Internet Data 489
Application and Critical Thinking 421 Forensic Investigation of Internet
Further References 423 Communications 491
# 150233 Cust: Pearson Au: Saferstein Pg. No. 9 C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e
A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.Tinidtdle : 9 Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science Server: Jobs4 Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM