Table Of Content

C r im in a l P r o c e d u r a l A g r e e m e n t s in C h Criminal Procedural Agreements in a a n in China and England and Wales d E n g la n d a n d W a le s Wei Pei W e i P e i (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:13)(cid:43)(cid:35)(cid:39)(cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:27)(cid:38)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:29)(cid:31)(cid:30)(cid:46)(cid:43)(cid:27)(cid:38)(cid:1)(cid:11)(cid:33)(cid:43)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:39)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:45)(cid:44)(cid:1) (cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:34)(cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:27)(cid:1)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:30)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:40)(cid:33)(cid:38)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:30)(cid:1)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:30)(cid:1)(cid:25)(cid:27)(cid:38)(cid:31)(cid:44)(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:23)(cid:45)(cid:43)(cid:27)(cid:32)(cid:42)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:29)(cid:31)(cid:44)(cid:43)(cid:31)(cid:29)(cid:34)(cid:45)(cid:31)(cid:38)(cid:35)(cid:36)(cid:37)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:41)(cid:47)(cid:31)(cid:43)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:37)(cid:41)(cid:39)(cid:44)(cid:45)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:34)(cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:27)(cid:1)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:40)(cid:33)(cid:31)(cid:38)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:30)(cid:1)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:25)(cid:27)(cid:38)(cid:31)(cid:44)(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:21)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:31)(cid:32)(cid:44)(cid:29)(cid:34)(cid:43)(cid:35)(cid:32)(cid:45)(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:31)(cid:43)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:31)(cid:43)(cid:37)(cid:43)(cid:35)(cid:36)(cid:33)(cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:33)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:33)(cid:43)(cid:27)(cid:27)(cid:30)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:41)(cid:29)(cid:45)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:1)(cid:27)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:1) (cid:15)(cid:43)(cid:27)(cid:44)(cid:39)(cid:46)(cid:44)(cid:1)(cid:24)(cid:40)(cid:35)(cid:47)(cid:31)(cid:43)(cid:44)(cid:35)(cid:45)(cid:31)(cid:35)(cid:45)(cid:1)(cid:22)(cid:41)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:31)(cid:43)(cid:30)(cid:27)(cid:39)(cid:1)(cid:41)(cid:42)(cid:1)(cid:33)(cid:31)(cid:49)(cid:27)(cid:33)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:1) (cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:43)(cid:31)(cid:29)(cid:45)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:1)(cid:39)(cid:27)(cid:33)(cid:40)(cid:35)(cid:32)(cid:35)(cid:29)(cid:46)(cid:44)(cid:1) (cid:21)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:3)(cid:30)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:41)(cid:38)(cid:44)(cid:1) (cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:41)(cid:38)(cid:33)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:44)(cid:1)(cid:28)(cid:31)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:46)(cid:35)(cid:45)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:34)(cid:31)(cid:45)(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:41)(cid:38)(cid:38)(cid:31)(cid:33)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:41)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:39)(cid:41)(cid:45)(cid:35)(cid:31)(cid:44)(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:14)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:41)(cid:42)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:43)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:31)(cid:43)(cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:30)(cid:35)(cid:33)(cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:33)(cid:1)(cid:49)(cid:27)(cid:38)(cid:1)(cid:42)(cid:38)(cid:27)(cid:27)(cid:45)(cid:44)(cid:47)(cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:41)(cid:42)(cid:1) (cid:47)(cid:43)(cid:35)(cid:36)(cid:30)(cid:27)(cid:33)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:9)(cid:1)(cid:36)(cid:46)(cid:40)(cid:35)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:1)(cid:41)(cid:39)(cid:1)(cid:5)(cid:5)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:4)(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:46)(cid:43)(cid:1) (cid:30)(cid:41)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:25)(cid:31)(cid:35)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:31)(cid:35)(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:33)(cid:31)(cid:28)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:23)(cid:34)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:48)(cid:35)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:34)(cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:27)(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:5)(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:6)(cid:6)(cid:5)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:5)(cid:4)(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:21)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:39)(cid:41)(cid:45)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:10)(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:21)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:12)(cid:38)(cid:31)(cid:35)(cid:29)(cid:34)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:30)(cid:45)(cid:1) (cid:21)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:3)(cid:30)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:19)(cid:35)(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:20)(cid:47)(cid:31)(cid:43)(cid:35)(cid:33)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:38)(cid:31)(cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:10)(cid:1) (cid:21)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:41)(cid:31)(cid:38)(cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:43)(cid:1) (cid:21)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:30)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:43)(cid:35)(cid:36)(cid:40)(cid:44)(cid:1) (cid:21)(cid:43)(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:17)(cid:41)(cid:30)(cid:33)(cid:44)(cid:41)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:34)(cid:14)(cid:1)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:29)(cid:23)(cid:23)(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) To my parents, Pei Chengfa and Li Jialin(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................... 1 List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. 3 List of Main Cases .................................................................................................................................. 5 List of Laws and Official Documents .................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 11 1. Development of Agreements in Criminal Procedure ............................................................... 11 2. Research Subject ......................................................................................................................... 14 3. Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 16 4. Research Methods ....................................................................................................................... 17 5. Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER II CONCEPTUALIZING CPAS: MODEL, ELEMENTS, AND NATURE ............. 21 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 21 2. The Pure Model and Its Variants .............................................................................................. 21 2.1 Basic Elements of An Agreement ......................................................................................... 22 2.2 Context in Which CPAs Take Place ..................................................................................... 22 2.3 Additional Elements by Referring to ‘Contract’ ................................................................... 23 2.4 Pure Model and Its Variants .................................................................................................. 24 3. Categorization: From the Offender’s Perspective ................................................................... 25 3.1 Plea Agreement ..................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Assistance Agreement ........................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Restoration Agreement .......................................................................................................... 31 4. Fundamental Parties and Other Stakeholders ......................................................................... 32 4.1 Fundamental Parties: Offender and Criminal Justice Authorities ......................................... 32 4.1.1 Offenders ........................................................................................................................... 32 4.1.2 Police ................................................................................................................................. 33 4.1.3 Public Prosecutors ............................................................................................................. 33 4.1.4 Judges ................................................................................................................................ 34 4.2 Other Stakeholders ................................................................................................................ 36 4.2.1 Victims .............................................................................................................................. 36 4.2.2 The Accused Person Targeted in Assistance Agreement .................................................. 38 5. Goals for CPAs ............................................................................................................................ 38 5.1 Goal for Plea Agreement ....................................................................................................... 38 5.2 Goal for Assistance Agreement ............................................................................................. 39 5.3 Goal for Restoration Agreement ........................................................................................... 39 5.4 Common Ideology behind Goals ........................................................................................... 40 6. Nature of CPAs: Possibility, Necessity and Feasibility ............................................................ 40 6.1 Possibility: Bargaining Power of Parties ............................................................................... 41 6.1.1 State’s Bargaining Power .................................................................................................. 41 6.1.2 Offender’s Bargaining Power ............................................................................................ 43 6.2 Necessity: The Demands of Parties ....................................................................................... 44 6.2.1 Offender’s Demands ......................................................................................................... 44 6.2.2 State’s Demands ................................................................................................................ 45 6.3 Feasibility of Coordinating CPAs with Ordinary Procedures ............................................... 47 (cid:1) 6.3.1 Characteristics of CPAs in the Criminal Justice Scenario ................................................ 47 6.3.2 Feasibility of Coordination ................................................................................................ 48 7. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 49 CHAPTER III CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL AGREEMENTS IN CHINA ................................. 51 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 51 2. Plea Agreement ........................................................................................................................... 51 2.1 Historical Review on Plea Agreement in China: from Subsidiary to Independent ............... 53 2.2.1 Before 21st Century: In Practice but Out-of-Law ............................................................. 53 2.2.2 Beginning of the 21st Century: The Boomlet of Plea Bargaining ..................................... 54 2.2.3 After 2003: Enhanced Facilitation for Plea Agreement .................................................... 56 2.2 Current Legal Regime of Plea Agreement ............................................................................ 57 2.2.1 Categorization ................................................................................................................... 57 2.2.2 Proceedings ....................................................................................................................... 58 2.2.3 Legal Concessions ............................................................................................................. 59 2.3 Motivations for Plea Agreement ........................................................................................... 60 2.3.1 Enhancing Efficiency ........................................................................................................ 60 2.3.2 Indication of Improving Respect for Individual Rights .................................................... 62 2.3.3 Uphold the Principle of Legality ....................................................................................... 63 2.4 Potential Risks ....................................................................................................................... 64 2.4.1 Tension with Seeking Truth .............................................................................................. 64 2.4.2 Tension with Inquisitorial Tradition ................................................................................. 65 2.4.3 Tension with Supporting Mechanisms .............................................................................. 66 2.5 Chinese Version of Plea Agreement: Nature and Future ...................................................... 68 2.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 70 3. Assistance Agreement ................................................................................................................. 70 3.1 Historical Review on Assistance Agreement: From Subsidiarity to Independence .............. 71 3.2 Current Legal Regime of Assistance Agreement .................................................................. 74 3.2.1 Assisting Offender’s Offer: Connotation of ‘Meritorious Service’ .................................. 74 3.2.2 Criminal Justice Agencies’ Offer ...................................................................................... 76 3.3 Motivations for Assistance Agreement: Corruption-Related Crimes as Example ................ 76 3.3.1 Internal Motivation: Detect Effect .................................................................................... 77 3.3.2 External Motivations: International Trend ........................................................................ 80 3.4 Potential Risks ....................................................................................................................... 81 3.4.1 Risks on Protecting Assisting Offenders ........................................................................... 81 3.4.2 Risks on Protecting the Accused Who is Targeted ........................................................... 81 3.4.3 Risks of Miscarriages of Justice ........................................................................................ 82 3.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 83 4. Restoration Agreement ............................................................................................................... 83 4.1 Historical Review of Restoration Agreement: Ups and Downs ............................................ 85 4.2 Current Legal Regime of Criminal Reconciliation ............................................................... 90 4.2.1 Eligibility and Mechanism ................................................................................................ 91 4.2.2 Concession from Criminal Justice Agencies ..................................................................... 91 4.2.3 Comparison between MPS, SPP and SPC’ Regulations on Criminal Reconciliation ...... 92 4.3 Criminal Reconciliation in Practice: Field Study in Three Cities ......................................... 93 4.3.1 Criminal Reconciliation in People’s Procuratorates ......................................................... 95 4.3.1.1 General Description ................................................................................................... 95 (cid:1) 4.3.1.2 Proceedings ............................................................................................................... 98 4.3.2 Criminal Reconciliation in People’s Courts ...................................................................... 99 4.3.2.1 General Description ................................................................................................... 99 4.3.2.2 Proceedings ............................................................................................................. 101 4.4 Motivations and Potential Risks .......................................................................................... 102 4.4.1 Enhancing Efficiency? .................................................................................................... 102 4.4.2 Improving the Status of Victims? .................................................................................... 104 4.4.3 Social Stability: Key Words behind Criminal Reconciliation ........................................ 106 4.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 110 5. Characteristics of CPAs in China ............................................................................................ 111 5.1 CPAs in Practice: A Hybrid of Different Types ................................................................. 111 5.2 Differences among Three CPAs .......................................................................................... 111 5.3 Common Features of CPAs in the Chinese Criminal Justice .............................................. 112 5.3.1 On-going Expansion ........................................................................................................ 112 5.3.2 Imbalance between Substantial Justice and Procedural Justice ...................................... 113 5.3.3 Pragmatic Motivations .................................................................................................... 113 6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 114 CHAPTER IV CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL AGREEMENTS IN ENGLAND AND WALES 115 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 115 2. Plea Agreement ......................................................................................................................... 116 2.1 Historical Review of Plea Agreement ................................................................................. 117 2.1.1 Before the 20th Century: The Emergence of Plea Bargaining ......................................... 117 2.1.2 Before the 1990s: Increasing Tolerance for Plea Agreement in Case Law .................... 119 2.1.3 Since the 1990s: Explicit Acceptance in Legislation and Case Law .............................. 122 2.2 Current Legal Regime of Plea Agreement .......................................................................... 124 2.2.1 Type I: Sentence Bargaining ........................................................................................... 124 2.2.1.1 Sentence Discount Offered by Courts ..................................................................... 125 2.2.1.2 Sentence Reduction by Choosing Courts ................................................................ 127 2.2.2 Type II: Charge Bargaining ............................................................................................. 128 2.2.3 Type III: Facts Bargaining .............................................................................................. 129 2.3 Motivations for Plea Agreement ......................................................................................... 130 2.4 Potential Risks ..................................................................................................................... 131 2.4.1 The Offender’s Perspective: Coercion v Willingness ..................................................... 131 2.4.2 The Victim’s Perspective: Participation vs Protection .................................................... 133 2.4.3 The Public’s Perspective: Indifferent or Ignorant ........................................................... 133 2.5 Features of Plea Agreement in England and Wales ............................................................ 134 2.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 137 3. Assistance Agreement ............................................................................................................... 138 3.1 Historical Review of Assistance Agreement ....................................................................... 138 3.2 Current Legal Regime of Assistance Agreement ................................................................ 141 3.2.1 Categorization ................................................................................................................. 141 3.2.2 Content of Assistance ...................................................................................................... 142 3.2.3 Quality of Assistance ...................................................................................................... 143 3.2.4 Legal Concession ............................................................................................................ 144 3.3 Motivations for Assistance Agreement ............................................................................... 148 3.4 Potential Risks ..................................................................................................................... 149 (cid:1) 3.4.1 Risks Rooted in the Legal Regime .................................................................................. 150 3.4.2 Risks Caused by Criminal Justice Authorities: Malpractice and Corruption .................. 151 3.4.3 Risks Caused by the Assisting Offender: Inaccuracy, False Testimony, and Drip-Feeder 153 3.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 155 4. Restoration Agreement ............................................................................................................. 155 4.1 Historical Review of Restoration Agreement ..................................................................... 156 4.2 Current Legal Regime of Restoration Agreement ............................................................... 158 4.2.1 Police Level ..................................................................................................................... 159 4.2.2 Prosecution Level ............................................................................................................ 159 4.2.2.1 Case Selection ......................................................................................................... 160 4.2.2.2 Conditions of Conditional Cautions ........................................................................ 160 4.2.2.3 Procedure to Issue Conditional Cautions ................................................................ 162 4.2.2.4 Expansion of Punitiveness and Pragmatic in Conditional Caution ......................... 162 4.2.3 Court Level ...................................................................................................................... 164 4.2.3.1 Probation Service’s Pre-Sentence Report ............................................................... 164 4.2.3.2 Deferred Sentencing for Restorative Purposes ........................................................ 164 4.3 Motivations and Risks on Restoration Agreement .............................................................. 166 4.3.1 Crime Reduction? ............................................................................................................ 166 4.3.2 Cost Reduction? .............................................................................................................. 168 4.3.3 Victim’s and Offender’s Satisfaction? ............................................................................ 168 4.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 169 5. Trends, Tension and Features of CPAs in England and Wales ............................................ 170 5.1 Overall Trends of CPAs in the English Criminal Justice .................................................... 171 5.1.1 Dimension I: Procedural Facilitations for CPAs ............................................................. 171 5.1.2 Dimension II: New Type of CPAs .................................................................................. 171 5.1.2.1 Legal Regime of DPA ............................................................................................. 171 5.1.2.2 Motivations on DPA ................................................................................................ 173 5.1.2.3 Potential Risks ......................................................................................................... 174 5.2 Exploration into the Ideology behind Expansion ................................................................ 175 5.3 Tension Areas ...................................................................................................................... 176 5.3.1 Task of Seeking Truth ..................................................................................................... 176 5.3.2 Burden on Offender ......................................................................................................... 177 5.3.3 Involvement of Victim .................................................................................................... 178 5.3.4 Power Distribution among Police, Prosecution, and Court ............................................. 178 5.4 Interaction between CPAs and Ordinary Procedure ........................................................... 179 5.4.1 Loosened Safeguards for Offenders ................................................................................ 179 5.4.2 Efforts in Preserving Integrity of Criminal Justice ......................................................... 179 6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 181 CHAPTER V COORDINATE CPAS AND ORDINARY PROCEEDINGS: A COMPARISON ............................................................................................................................................................. 183 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 183 2. Impact Factors Shaping and Steering CPAs .......................................................................... 183 2.1 State Autonomy ................................................................................................................... 184 2.2 Internal Autonomy .............................................................................................................. 187 2.3 Control of the Power to Punish ........................................................................................... 191 (cid:1) 2.4 Modes of Penal Power ......................................................................................................... 195 2.5 Power Resources and Capacities ......................................................................................... 199 2.6 Evaluation on Penal State and Impact on CPAs ................................................................. 201 3. Plea Agreement ......................................................................................................................... 204 3.1 Similarities .......................................................................................................................... 204 3.2 Differences .......................................................................................................................... 205 3.2.1 Modus Operandi .............................................................................................................. 205 3.2.2 Effect of Pre-Trial Deals ................................................................................................. 205 3.2.3 Best Time for Cooperation .............................................................................................. 206 3.2.4 Content of Guilty Plea ..................................................................................................... 206 3.2.5 Exceptions for Concession .............................................................................................. 207 3.3 Major Tension Areas between Plea Agreement and Ordinary Procedure .......................... 208 3.3.1 Waiving Rights: Free Will v Coercion ............................................................................ 208 3.3.2 Quality of Procedure: Summary v Full-Dressed ............................................................. 208 3.3.3 Definition of Truth: Real v Accepted .............................................................................. 209 3.3.4 Impact of Plea Agreement Internal Arrangement v Public Law Nature ......................... 209 3.3.5 Justification: Remorse v Efficiency ................................................................................... 210 4. Assistance Agreement ............................................................................................................... 210 4.1 Similarities .......................................................................................................................... 211 4.2 Discrepancies ...................................................................................................................... 214 4.2.1 Targeted Crime ................................................................................................................ 214 4.2.2 Patterns of Assistance ...................................................................................................... 215 4.2.3 Form of Agreement ......................................................................................................... 215 4.2.4 Patterns of Concession .................................................................................................... 215 4.3 Major Tension Areas between Assistance Agreement and Ordinary Procedure ................ 216 4.3.1 Nature of Assistance: Contribution v Obligation ............................................................ 216 4.3.2 Cooperation Value v Cooperation Dilemma ................................................................... 216 4.3.3 Provide Assistance v Right against Self-Incrimination ................................................... 217 4.3.4 More Justice v Miscarriages of Justice ........................................................................... 217 5. Restoration Agreement ............................................................................................................. 217 5.1 Similarities ................................................................................................................................ 218 5.2 Discrepancies ............................................................................................................................ 220 5.2.1 Scope of Restoration Agreement ..................................................................................... 220 5.2.2 Conditions in Restoration Agreement ............................................................................. 221 5.2.3 Criminal Justice Agencies’ Disposals ............................................................................. 222 5.2.4 Bonus for Victims and Offenders .................................................................................... 222 5.2.5 Involvement of Non-Criminal Justice Institutions .......................................................... 223 5.3 Major Tension Areas between Restoration Agreement and Ordinary Procedure ............... 224 5.3.1 The Role of Attitude v Objectiveness ............................................................................. 224 5.3.2 Privatization v Publicity .................................................................................................. 225 5.3.3 Concession for Compensation v Fairness ....................................................................... 226 5.3.4 Administrative Sanction v Fair Trial ............................................................................... 226 6. Coordinating Tension Areas: Procedural Objectives and Corresponding Proposals ........ 226 6.1 Objectives of Criminal Procedure ....................................................................................... 226 6.2 Correct Conviction and Acquittal: Seeking Truth as Priority ............................................. 228 6.2.1 Offender’s Statement as Evidence .................................................................................. 228 6.2.2 Formulating Truth by Criminal Justice Agencies ........................................................... 230 6.2.3 Procedural Convenience .................................................................................................. 231 (cid:1)

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14 Mike Maguire and Tim John, 'Covert and Deceptive Policing in England and Wales: Issues in Regulation and Practice', 4(1996) European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 316-334, p. 330. 15 Regina Rauxloh, Plea Bargaining in National and International Law (Oxon and New

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