Criminal Evidence: Principles and Cases

560 Pages·2015·29.143 MB·English

by  Thomas J. Gardner, Terry M. Anderson

CRIMINAL EVIDENCE
PRINCIPLES AND CASES
NinthEdition
Thomas J. Gardner
AttorneyatLawandFormerAssistantDistrictAttorney
Terry M. Anderson
CreightonUniversitySchoolofLaw
Australia(cid:129)Brazil(cid:129)Japan(cid:129)Korea(cid:129)Mexico(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Spain(cid:129)UnitedKingdom(cid:129)UnitedStates
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CriminalEvidence:PrinciplesandCases, ©2016,2014CengageLearning
NinthEdition
WCN: 02-200-203
ThomasJ.GardnerandTerryM.Anderson
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL EVIDENCE
Chapter 1 HistoryandDevelopmentoftheLawofCriminalEvidence 1
HistoryoftheRulesofEvidence 2
MagnaCartaandHabeasCorpus 5
TheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence 8
TheU.S.ConstitutionandtheAmericanBillofRights 9
BasicRightsUndertheU.S.ConstitutionToday 11
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 20
Chapter 2 ImportantAspectsoftheAmericanCriminalJusticeSystem 25
FederalismintheUnitedStates 26
TheAmericanAdversarySystem 33
TheAdversarySystemandBattlesOverWhatisRelevant,Reliable,andCompetent
Evidence 34
TheAmericanAccusatorialSystem 39
DisclosingInformationintheAdversarySystem 39
CivilCommitment:EvidenceNeededtoCommitaPersonwhoMightbeViolent 44
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 45
Chapter 3 UsingEvidencetoDetermineGuiltorInnocence 51
EvaluationandReviewofEvidence 52
TheCriminalCourtProcess 54
PleasaDefendantMayEntertoaCriminalCharge 55
TheGuiltyPleaSystem,PleaBargaining,andVictim’sRightsLaws 61
AnOffertoPleadGuiltycannotbeUsedasEvidenceIftheOfferisLaterWithdrawn 65
TheTrial 67
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 72
Chapter 4 DirectandCircumstantialEvidenceandtheUseofInferences 77
EvidenceandProof 78
TheReasonableDoubtStandard 78
DirectEvidenceandCircumstantialEvidence 80
UsingDirectandCircumstantialEvidence 92
ProvingCorpusDelictibyDirectorCircumstantialEvidence 99
TheSufficiency-of-EvidenceRequirementtoJustifyaVerdictorFindingofGuilt 101
TheUseofPresumptionsandInferences 101
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 104
iii
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iv Contents
PART 2 WITNESSES AND THEIR TESTIMONY
Chapter 5 WitnessesandtheTestimonyofWitnesses 111
QualificationsNecessarytobeaWitness 112
CredibilityofWitnesses 115
ConstitutionalRightsofDefendantsRegardingWitnesses 120
TypesofWitnessesandOpinionEvidence 122
DirectExaminationofWitnesses 125
TheRequirementsofRelevancy,Materiality,andCompetency 129
RedirectExaminationandRecross-Examination 130
TheRoleoftheTrialJudge 131
CanaPersonWhohasbeenHypnotizedTestifyasaWitness? 132
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 134
Chapter 6 JudicialNotice,PrivilegesofWitnesses,andShieldLaws 141
JudicialNoticeinGeneral 142
ThePrivilegeAgainstSelf-Incrimination 145
TheAttorney-ClientPrivilege 148
TheHusband-WifePrivilege 151
ThePhysician-PatientPrivilege 154
ThePsychotherapist-PatientPrivilege 155
TheSexualAssaultCounselor’sPrivilegeandPrivilegesCoveringOtherCounselors 157
TheClergy-PenitentPrivilege 157
TheNewsReporter’sPrivilegeNottoRevealtheSourceoftheInformation 158
IsThereaParent-ChildPrivilege? 160
ThePrivilegeConcerningtheIdentityofInformants 162
TheGovernment’sPrivilegeNottoRevealGovernmentSecrets 163
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 165
Chapter 7 TheUseofHearsayintheCourtroom 173
WitnessesandtheHearsayRule 174
TheHistoryoftheHearsayRule 175
WhatisHearsay? 176
WhatisnotHearsay?FederalRulesofEvidence801(d)(1),801(d)(2),and801(d)(2)(E) 179
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 181
Chapter 8 TheConfrontationClauseandExceptionstotheHearsayRule 185
HearsayandtheConfrontationClause 186
TheConfrontationClauseAfterCrawford 188
“FirmlyRooted”ExceptionstotheHearsayRule 198
TheFreshComplaintandtheOutcryRule 204
ModernHearsayExceptionsinChildSexualAbuseCases 205
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 206
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Contents v
WHEN EVIDENCE CANNOT BE USED BECAUSE OF POLICE
PART 3
MISTAKES OR MISCONDUCT
Chapter 9 TheExclusionaryRule 213
TheExclusionaryRule(ortheRuleoftheExclusionofEvidence) 214
TheFruitofthePoisonousTreeDoctrine(ortheDerivativeEvidenceRule) 218
ExceptionstotheFruitofthePoisonousTreeDoctrine 220
TheMirandaRule,Confessions,andtheFruitofthePoisonousTreeDoctrine 222
ManyStatesHaveTwoSetsofExclusionaryRules 227
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 229
Chapter 10 WheretheExclusionaryRuleDoesNotApply 235
TheLimitsoftheExclusionaryRule 236
TheExclusionaryRuleDoesNotApplytoEvidenceObtainedinaPrivateSearchbya
PrivatePerson 236
TheExclusionaryRuleAppliesOnlyinCriminalCases 237
TheExclusionaryRuleDoesNotApplytoEvidenceObtainedinaConsentSearch 238
TheExclusionaryRuleDoesNotApplyIftheDefendantDoesNotHaveStandingorIfNo
RightofPrivacyoftheDefendantHasBeenViolated 242
EvidenceObtainedfromAbandonedPropertyWillNotBeSuppressed 244
EvidenceDiscoveredinOpenFieldsWillNotBeSuppressed 247
EvidenceDiscoveredinGoodFaithorbyHonestMistakeWillNotBeSuppressed 250
OtherAreasWheretheExclusionaryRuleDoesNotApply 254
SUMMARY,CROSS-REFERENCESTOOTHERCHAPTERS,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,
CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 256
“ ”
Chapter 11 SpecialNeeds andAdministrativeSearches 261
SpecialNeedsandtheFourthAmendment 262
SecurityScreeningatAirports,Courthouses,andOtherPublicBuildingsandPlaces 262
Fire,Health,andHousingInspections 263
SchoolSearchesonReasonableSuspicion 264
DrugTestingWithoutProbableCauseoraSearchWarrant 265
SearchesWithoutProbableCauseorSearchWarrantsofCloselyRegulatedBusinesses 268
Work-RelatedSearchesinGovernmentOffices(theOrtegaRule) 269
RoadblocksorVehicleCheckpointStops 269
CorrectionalPrograms,Hearings,orRequirementsThatMayCauseaPrisonInmateto
IncriminateHimself 273
OtherSpecialGovernmentNeedsWhereNeitherProbableCausenorSearchWarrantsAre
Needed 276
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 277
Chapter 12 ObtainingStatementsandConfessionsforUseasEvidence 281
Confessions 282
CanaConfessionAloneSustainaCriminalConviction? 282
TheRequirementThatConfessionsandIncriminatingStatementsBeVoluntary 284
TheMirandaRequirements 286
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vi Contents
Silence,Miranda,andImpeachment 297
TheSixthAmendmentRighttoCounselandtheMassiahLimitation 301
TheBrutonRule 304
QuestioningPeopleinJailorPrison,IncludingUsingInformantsandUndercoverAgents 306
PolygraphTestResultsasEvidence 307
VoiceSpectrographyEvidence 311
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 311
Chapter 13 TheLawGoverningIdentificationEvidence 317
EvidenceNeededforaCriminalConviction 318
TheProblemofMistakenEyewitnessIdentification 319
U.S.SupremeCourtCasesonShowups 324
DeterminingtheReliabilityofIdentificationEvidence:TheNeilv.BiggersGuidelines 325
TheUseofPoliceLineups:Changesfromthe1960stothePresent 329
UsingPhotographstoObtainIdentificationEvidence 331
ObtainingIdentificationEvidencebyOtherMeans 332
CourtroomIdentificationofaDefendant 335
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 337
Chapter 14 ObtainingPhysicalandOtherEvidence 343
ObtainingPhysicalEvidencefromthePersonofaSuspect 344
SearchesWithoutWarrants:DetentionsandArrests 351
ObtainingEvidencebyPoliceEntryintoPrivatePremises 360
ObtainingEvidenceinTrafficStopsandVehicleSearches 366
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 375
Chapter 15 ObtainingEvidencebyUseofSearchWarrants,fromComputers,
Wiretapping,orDogsTrainedtoIndicateanAlert 383
SearchWarrants 384
ObtainingEvidencefromComputers 391
WiretappingandElectronicSurveillance 396
TechniquesofLawfulElectronicSurveillance 400
ObtainingEvidencebytheUseofDogsTrainedtoIndicateanAlert 412
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 416
PART 4 CRIME-SCENE, DOCUMENTARY, AND SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Chapter 16 TheCrimeScene,theChainofCustodyRequirement,andtheUseof
FingerprintsandTraceEvidence 421
ObtainingEvidencefromaCrimeScene 422
TheChainofCustodyRequirement 431
FingerprintsasEvidence 433
TraceEvidence:TheSmallestThingsCanMaketheBiggestDifference 437
OtherTypesofEvidence 438
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 441
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Contents vii
Chapter 17 Videotapes,Photographs,Documents,andWritingsasEvidence 447
PhotosandVideotapesasEvidence 448
WhenisaWarrantNeededtoInstallandConductVideotapeSurveillance? 449
UsingPhotographsasEvidence 452
UsingDocumentsandWritingsasEvidence 456
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 463
Chapter 18 ScientificEvidence 467
TheImportanceofScientificEvidence 468
TheAdmissibilityofScientificEvidence 469
AFewoftheSciencesandScientificTechniquesUsedintheCriminalJusticeSystem 475
GunshotResidueEvidence(GSR) 488
SUMMARY,KEYTERMS,KEYCASES,PROBLEMS,CASEANALYSIS,NOTES 492
AppendixASectionsoftheU.S.Constitution 497
AppendixBFindingandAnalyzingCases 499
AppendixCFederalRulesofEvidence 501
Glossary 519
CaseIndex 524
SubjectIndex 531
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