Table Of ContentCRIMINAL &
BEHAVIORAL
PROFILING
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One more for Kai, Maddie, Darya, and Shannon,
each one a profile in goodness, intelligence, wit, and beauty.
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CRIMINAL & BEHAVIORAL PROFILING
Curt R. Bartol
Anne M. Bartol
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FOR INFORMATION:
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Copyright © 2013 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bartol, Curt R.
Criminal & behavioral profiling / Curt R. Bartol.
5
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4129-8308-2 (pbk.)
1. Criminal behavior, Prediction of. 2. Criminal profilers
3. Criminal investigation. I. Bartol, Anne M. II. Title.
HV8073.5.B368 2013
364.3—dc23 2012019296
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Brief Contents
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Crime Scene Profiling
Chapter 3. Scientific Approaches to Crime Scene Profiling
Chapter 4. Geographic Profiling and Mapping
Chapter 5. Profiling Applied to Specific Crimes
Chapter 6. Psychological Profiling: A Focus on Threat and Risk Assessment
Chapter 7. Suspect-Based Profiling
Chapter 8. Reconstructive Psychological Evaluation: The Psychological Autopsy
Chapter 9. Profiling in Court
References
Photo Credits
Index
About the Authors
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Detailed Contents
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction
Early Accounts of Profiling
Origins of Modern Profiling
The Mad Bomber Case
FOCUS 1.1 METESKY AND THE MEDIA
The Brussel Legacy
FOCUS 1.2 BARNUM STATEMENTS
The Boston Strangler
The Five Areas of Behavioral Profiling
Crime Scene Profiling
Geographic Profiling
Psychological Profiling
Suspect-Based Profiling
Equivocal Death Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 2. Crime Scene Profiling
Early FBI Profiling Origins
The Behavioral Science Unit and the NCAVC
FOCUS 2.1 NATIONAL CENTER FOR ANALYSIS OF VIOLENT CRIMES (NCAVC)
Two Seminal Articles
TABLE 2.1 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIZED VS. DISORGANIZED OFFENDERS AS CLASSIFIED BY
THE FBI IN 1985
TABLE 2.2 CRIME SCENE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIZED AND DISORGANIZED OFFENDERS AS
CLASSIFIED BY THE FBI
The Douglas and Ressler Interviews
Further Development of the O/D Dichotomy
The Crime Classification Manual
FOCUS 2.2 CULT MURDER
Crime Scene Profiling Today
Profiling Terminology
Case Linkage
Additional Research on Crime Scene Profiling
Typologies and Profiling
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Clinical Versus Actuarial Profiling
Training and Characteristics of Profilers
Accuracy and Usefulness of Crime Scene Profiles
FOCUS 2.3 WILL NEW ADVANCES MAKE PROFILING OBSOLETE?
The Psychological and Cognitive Pitfalls of Crime Scene Profiling
Memory and Cognitive Biases
Confirmation Bias
Self-Serving Bias
Fundamental Attribution Error
Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 3. Scientific Approaches to Crime Scene Profiling
Misconceptions About Profiling
TABLE 3.1 MISCONCEPTIONS AND REALITY WITH RESPECT TO PROFILING
Making the Case for Scientific Profiling
The Beginnings of Scientific Crime Scene Profiling
Origins of Investigative Psychology
FOCUS 3.1 SEARCHING FOR THE RAILWAY RAPIST
Investigative Psychology Today
Clinical Versus Actuarial Profiling Revisited
Police Psychology Versus Profiling
Research Questions
The Behavioral Features
Distinguishing Between Offenders and Crimes
Inferring Characteristics
Linking Crimes
FOCUS 3.2 THE VIOLENT CRIME LINKAGE ANALYSIS SYSTEM (VICLAS)
Psychological Signatures
The Person–Situation Debate
The A → C Equation
FOCUS 3.3 WHAT’S IN A PROFILE REPORT?
Behavioral Investigative Analysts in the United Kingdom
Contemporary Theories in Criminology
TABLE 3.2 IMPLICATIONS OF CRIME THEORIES FOR PROFILING
Developmental Pathways in Offending Patterns
Application to Profiling
Developmental and Maturation Changes in Offenders
Application to Profiling
Deficient Interpersonal Skills and Peer Rejection
Application to Profiling
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Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths
Application to Profiling
Potential Error Problems in Scientific Profiling
Heuristics
Representative Heuristic Errors
Base Rate Fallacy (or Neglect)
Expressions of Uncertainty
Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 4. Geographic Profiling and Mapping
Geographic Mapping
FIGURE 4.1 CRIME MAP OF AUTO THEFT INCIDENTS IN AN URBAN AREA
History of Crime Mapping
Influences of Environmental Criminology
Contemporary Crime Mapping
Geographic Profiling
FIGURE 4.2 COMPUTER-GENERATED GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE MAP
Theoretical Foundations and Early History
Routine Activity Theory
FIGURE 4.3 AWARENESS SPACE PATHS
Rational Choice Theory
History of Geographic Profiling
Geographic Profiling Software
Measures of Accuracy
FIGURE 4.4 ILLUSTRATION OF PROFILE ERROR DISTANCE
Key Concepts in Geographic Profiling
Distance Decay
FIGURE 4.5 DISTANCE DECAY
FIGURE 4.6 ILLUSTRATION OF BUFFER ZONE
Mental Maps
The Circle or Centrality Theory
FIGURE 4.7 CENTRALITY OFFENDING PATTERN OF SERIAL RAPIST
FIGURE 4.8 MARAUDER AND COMMUTER OFFENDING PATTERNS
FIGURE 4.9 WINDSHIELD WIPER EFFECT
Geographic Hunting Patterns
The Basic Assumptions of Geographic Profiling
Case Linkage
Linkage as a Function of Multiple Offenses
Relatively Even Distribution or Wide Dispersion of Offenses
Single, Stable Base of Operations
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