Crime and Planning: Building Socially Sustainable Communities

206 Pages·2012·18.415 MB·English

by  Derek J. Paulsen

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To my wife Stacey and my boys Brue and Griffith.
This book is proof that through hard work, perseverance,
and a belief in your own ability all things are possible.

Contents
List of Illustrations ix
List of Tables xi
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Author xv
1 Introduction 1
Why a Disconnect? 1
Crime, Planning, and Sustainability 5
Structure of This Book 7
Endnotes 9
2 A Brief Overview of Crime and Crime Issues 13
Major Issues in Crime and Urban Planning 18
Connectivity 18
Mixed Land Use 22
Zoning 26
Transit-Oriented Developments 28
Parks, Pedestrian Trails, and Greenways 32
Conclusion 35
Endnotes 36
3 Redefining Sustainability 47
Redefining and Refocusing Sustainable Communities 54
Endnotes 56
4 Integrating Crime Prevention into a Socially
Sustainable Planning Program 61
Current Crime-Prevention Planning Programs 61
Integrating Crime Prevention into the Everyday Planning
Process 74
Cooperation 75
Efficient and Consistent Process 76
Participation 77
vii
viii Contents
Context 78
Eliminate Opportunities 79
Balance 80
Tools for Understanding Context 80
The Neighborhood Impact Statement Model 81
NIS Example 84
Design Guidance 88
Connectivity 88
Mixed Land Use 92
Transit-Oriented Developments 96
Parks, Pedestrian Trails, and Greenways 98
Conclusion 100
Endnotes 100
5 Planning Policy and Socially Sustainable
Communities 105
Smart Growth 110
Form-Based Codes 115
Suburban Retrofitting 124
Conclusion 127
Endnotes 128
6 Case Studies 131
Residential Neighborhood Case Study 131
Housing 132
Street Network 134
Land Use and Zoning 137
Crime Patterns 139
Retail District Case Study 145
Endnotes 157

Appendix 159
Index 185
List of Illustrations
Figure 2.1 Robbery density within Lexington, Kentucky 15
Figure 2.2 Influence of neighborhood conditions and built
environment opportunities on victimization 17
Figure 2.3 Intensity of use zones 30
Figure 3.1 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs applied to neighborhood
development 56
Figure 4.1 Smart growth transect 90
Figure 4.2 Rendering of proposed neighborhood and pedestrian
access to public park 91
Figure 4.3 Functional mixed-use development 93
Figure 4.4 Multifamily developments within a predominantly
single-family neighborhood 95
Figure 5.1 Rear alley in the new urbanist community of Stapleton
in Denver, Colorado 111
Figure 5.2 Framework of park types by transect 118
Figure 5.3 Private frontage types 122
Figure 6.1 Typical houses in Ashland–Chevy Chase 133
Figure 6.2 Typical house in Lakeshore 134

Figure 6.3 The Ashland–Chevy Chase street network 135
Figure 6.4 The Lakeshore street network 135
Figure 6.5 Contrasting views of Fontaine Road a half-mile apart
in (a) Ashland and (b) Lakeshore 136
Figure 6.6 Zoning categories for Ashland–Chevy Chase 138
Figure 6.7 Zoning categories for Lakeshore 138
Figure 6.8 Hot spots for Ashland–Chevy Chase neighborhood 140
Figure 6.9 Hot spots for Lakeshore neighborhood 141
ix
x List of Illustrations
Figure 6.10 Ashland–Chevy Chase hot spots and land uses 141
Figure 6.11 Hot spots for Lakeshore and land uses 142
Figure 6.12 Apartment houses in Ashland–Chevy
Chase neighborhood 143
Figure 6.13 Apartment complexes in Lakeshore neighborhood 144
Figure 6.14 Aerial view of Country Club Plaza district and its
surrounding neighborhoods 146
Figure 6.15 Brush Creek riverwalk 148
Figure 6.16 Hot spots within Country Club Plaza 149
Figure 6.17 Side view of Halls parking garage and its natural
surveillance-enhancing screens 149
Figure 6.18 Attractive public space 150
Figure 6.19 Views of some of the shopping areas in Country Club
Plaza and their pedestrian orientations 151
Figure 6.20 Aerial view of Hamburg Place and its surrounding
neighborhoods 152
Figure 6.21 An incomplete internal connection within
the Hamburg development 153
Figure 6.22 Hot spots within Hamburg Place 155
Figure 6.23 Vast surface lots at Hamburg 155
Figure 6.24 Seating area within roundabout 156
Figure 6.25 Example of traditional design within Hamburg 157