cretaceous/paleogene boundary in the haymana basin, central anatolia, turkey

290 Pages·2008·13.12 MB·English

CRETACEOUS/PALEOGENE BOUNDARY IN THE HAYMANA BASIN,
CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL,
MINERALOGICAL AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
OF
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

BY

SELEN ESMERAY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

AUGUST 2008
Approval of the thesis:

CRETACEOUS/PALEOGENE BOUNDARY IN THE HAYMANA
BASIN, CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY:
MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND SEQUENCE
STRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH

submitted by SELEN ESMERAY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Science in Geological Engineering Department,
Middle East Technical University by,

Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen _____________________
Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences

Prof. Dr. Vedat Doyuran _____________________
Head of Department, Geological Engineering

Prof. Dr. Demir Altıner _____________________
Supervisor, Geological Engineering Dept., METU

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevinç Özkan Altıner _____________________
Co-Supervisor, Geological Engineering Dept., METU

Examining Committee Members:

Prof. Dr. Asuman Günal Türkmenoğlu _____________________
Geological Engineering Dept., METU

Prof. Dr. Demir Altıner _____________________
Geological Engineering Dept., METU

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bora Rojay _____________________
Geological Engineering Dept., METU

Assist. Prof. Dr. İsmail Ömer Yılmaz _____________________
Geological Engineering Dept., METU

Dr. Zühtü Batı _____________________
Research Center, TPAO

Date: 22.08.2008
I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained
and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also
declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and
referenced all material and results that are not original to this work.

Name, Last Name: Selen Esmeray
Signature:
iii
ABSTRACT
CRETACEOUS/PALEOGENE BOUNDARY IN THE HAYMANA BASIN,
CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL,
MINERALOGICAL AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH

Esmeray, Selen

M. Sc., Department of Geological Engineering
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Demir Altıner
Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevinç Altıner
August 2008, 271 pages
An integrated micropaleontological, mineralogical and sequence
stratigraphical investigation was carried out across the Cretaceous/Paleogene
(K/P) boundary in the Haymana basin, Turkey. A 29.41 m thick boundary
section consisting of limestones and marls was measured and 90 samples were
analyzed. Biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic works are based on the
planktonic foraminifera. 64 planktonic species were identified and 5 biozones
were established. The biozones are, in ascending order, Planoglobulina
acervulinoides zone, Racemiguembelina fructicosa zone, Pseudoguembelina
hariaensis zone for the Late Maastrichtian; Guembelitria cretacea (P0) zone and
Parvulorugoglobigerina eugubina (P1a) zone for the Early Danian.
In order to detect the mineralogical changes across the boundary bulk and
clay minerals were analyzed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Calcite, quartz,
feldspar and the clay minerals composed of smectite (montmorillonite) and
chlorite are the main components of the rocks. A decrease in calcite and an
increase in the detrital minerals (quartz, feldspar) and the clay minerals were
detected in the boundary beds.
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In order to find out the depositional history of the area a detailed
microfacies study was performed and 10 microfacies type were determined. The
microfacies types defined correspond to slope to basin environment. Based on
microfacies analyses, the sequence stratigraphic framework of the boundary
beds was constructed. K/P boundary beds were recorded in the transition of
transgressive systems tract to highstand systems tract, coinciding with a
maximum flooding surface. These beds show a similar pattern with many other
K/P boundary beds in different locations of the world indicating eustatic sea-
level variations overprint the tectonic control in the basin.

Keywords: Cretaceous/Paleogene Boundary, Planktonic Foraminifera,
Microfacies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy, Bulk and Clay Mineralogy,
Haymana Basin

v
ÖZ
HAYMANA HAVZASI’NDA (ORTA ANADOLU, TÜRKİYE)
KRETASE/PALEOJEN SINIRI: MİKROPALEONTOLOJİK, MİNERALOJİK
VE SEKANS STRATİGRAFİK YAKLAŞIM

Esmeray, Selen

Yüksek Lisans, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü
Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Demir Altıner
Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Sevinç Altıner
Ağustos 2008, 271 sayfa
Orta Anadolu’da yer alan Haymana Havzası’nda Kretase/Paleojen sınır
tabakaları boyunca mikropaleontolojik, mineralojik ve sekans stratigrafik
çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kireçtaşı ve marnlardan oluşan 29,41 metrelik bir
kesit ölçülmüş ve bu kesit boyunca alınan 90 adet örnek incelenmiştir.
Biyostratikrafik ve kronostratigrafik çalışmalar planktonik foraminiferlerle
yapılmıştır. 64 adet tür tayin edilmiş ve 5 adet biyozon belirlenmiştir. Bu
biyozonlar, aşağıdan yukarıya doğru, Maastrihtiyen’de Planoglobulina
acervulinoides zonu, Racemiguembelina fructicosa zonu, Pseudoguembelina
hariaensis zonu; Erken Daniyen’de ise Guembelitria cretacea (P0) zonu ve
Parvulorugoglobigerina eugubina (P1a) zonudur.
Sınır birimleri boyunca görülen mineralojik değişimleri belirleyebilmek
için, örneklerde X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) metodu ile tümkaya ve kil mineralleri
incelenmiştir. Kayaçları oluşturan ana mineraller kalsit, kuvars, feldispat ve kil
minerallerinden simektit (montmorillonit) ve klorittir. Sınır birimlerinde kalsit
mineralinin yüzdesinde bir düşüş gözlemlenirken, kuvars ve feldispat gibi
detrital minerallerde ve kil minerallerinde bir artış tespit edilmiştir.
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Alanın çökelim tarihçesini belirleyebilmek için detaylı mikrofasiyes
çalışmaları gerçekleştirlmiş ve 10 adet mikrofasiyes tipi belirlenmiştir.
Belirlenen mikrofasiyes tipleri çökelimin yamaçtan havzaya doğru bir bölgede
gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. Mikrofasiyes analizleri temel alınarak sekans
stratigrafisi çatısı oluşturulmuştur. Kretase/Paleojen sınır birimlerinin transgresif
sistem çökelleri ile yüksek deniz seviyesi sistem çökelleri geçişinde, ve bir
maksimum sellenme yüzeyine denk gelecek şekilde çökeldiği belirlenmiştir.
Sınır birimleri, dünyanın farklı bölgelerdeki Kretase/Paleojen sınır birimleri ile
benzerlik göstermekte, bu durum da havzadaki östatik deniz seviyesi
değişimlerinin tektonik kontrollü değişimlerden daha baskın olduğuna işaret
etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kretase/Paleojen Sınırı, Planktonik Foraminifer,
Mikrofasiyes Analizi ve Sekans Stratigrafisi, Tümkaya ve Kil Mineralojisi,
Haymana Havzası
vii
To my beloved parents and sister
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Demir
ALTINER for his wisdom, clear guidance, critical vision, encouragements and
endless support in every stage of this thesis. He has always been a role model
for me with his scientific curiosity, endless eagerness to research and as well as
with his motivating, sensitive and understanding approach towards to the people
he works with. It is a great honor to feel his trust, support and appreciation.
I would like to express my appreciation to my co-supervisor Assoc. Prof.
Dr. Sevinç ÖZKAN ALTINER for monitoring each step of this thesis with a
great concern and supporting the progress of the work with her valuable advices.
I am especially grateful for her clear guidance and her endless help during the
micropaleontological work. It was a great chance for me to have had utilized her
profound knowledge on the taxonomy of the planktonic foraminifera. Whenever
I was discouraged she motivated me with a wise and affectionate manner and
gave me the strength to continue my work.
I would like to thank Assist. Prof. Dr. İ. Ömer YILMAZ for his scientific
support and encouragement during this study. His valuable advices about the
mineralogical analyses were very useful for me.
I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Mevlüt ERTAN in the Department of Pharmacy
at the Hacettepe University for his precious information about the disintegration
techniques of the rocks. He has a great contribution to the improvement of the
washing techniques.
I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Asuman GÜNAL
TÜRKMENOĞLU for her time, consideration and valuable advices for the
interpretation of the XRD results.
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I would like thank to Assist. Prof. Dr. Fatma TOKSOY KÖKSAL for
allowing me kindly to use the equipments in the clay mineralogy laboratory and
for her information related to the mineralogical analyses.
I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Isabella PREMOLI-SILVA for her help in
identifications of certain species. It was an honor for me to have had discussions
with her about the taxonomy of the planktonic foraminifera. I am also grateful to
Prof. Dr. Gerta KELLER for the valuable information that she has given through
e-mail.
I would like to thank to Dr. Doğan ALAYGUT for his help during the
XRD analysis in the Research Center of TPAO and to Mr. Orhan KARAMAN
for helping in the field studies and for preparing the thin sections.
I would like to thank to my dear friends Mrs. Ayşe ATAKUL ÖZDEMİR,
Ms. Sabire Aslı OFLAZ and Ms. Hayriye ÇAKMAK for their motivation and to
Mr. Elnur AMIROV for helping me in washing some samples.
I am grateful to Mr. Turgay SENLET for his endless help, technical
support, patience and motivation during my study. Without his company and the
bright and practical solutions he suggests to each problem, this study would not
have been completed.
I would like to thank to the Scientific and Technological Research Council
of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for their scholarship during my M.Sc. study and to the
METU Scientific Research Projects Coordination (BAP) for giving financial
support for this study.
At last but definitely not the least, I would like to express my gratitude to
my parents Mrs. Asuman ESMERAY & Mr. Mehmet ESMERAY, and my sister
Ms. Müge ESMERAY for their encouragements, understanding and endless
patience. I would like to thank also to my aunt Mrs. Yasemin ÖZBEK for her
motivation during my study. Without the support of my family, this study would
not have been accomplished.
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