Creative Complex Systems

425 Pages·2021·11.345 MB·English

by  Kazuo Nishimura, Masatoshi Murase, Kazuyoshi Yoshimura

Creative Economy
Kazuo Nishimura
Masatoshi Murase
Kazuyoshi Yoshimura   Editors
Creative
Complex
Systems
Creative Economy
SeriesEditors
StephenHill,UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong,NSW,Australia
KazuoNishimura,ResearchInstituteforEconomicsandBusinessAdministration,
KobeUniversity,Kobe,Hyogo,Japan
TadashiYagi,FacultyofEconomics,DoshishaUniversity,Kyoto,Kyoto,Japan
EditorialBoard
NobukoKawashima,FacultyofEconomics,DoshishaUniversity,Kyoto,Japan
SébastienLechevalier,ÉcoledesHautesÉtudesenSciences,Paris,France
YoshifumiNakata,DoshishaUniversity,Kyoto,Kyoto,Japan
AndyPratt,UniversityofCityLondon,London,UK
MasayukiSasaki,GraduateSchoolofEconomics,DoshishaUniversity,Kyoto,
Japan
ToshiakiTachibanaki,FacultyofEconomics,DoshishaUniversity,Kyoto,Kyoto,
Japan
MakotoYano,ResearchInstituteofEconomy,Trade&Industry(RIETI),Tokyo,
Japan
RobertoZanola,UniversitàdelPiemonteOrientale,Alessandria,Italy
This book series covers research on creative economies based on humanity and
spirituality to enhance the competitiveness, sustainability, peace, and fairness of
international society. We define a creative economy as a socio-economic system
that promotes those creative activities with a high market value and leads to the
improvementofsociety’soverallwell-being.
As the global economy has developed, we have seen severe competition and
polarizationinincomedistribution.Withthisdrasticchangeintheeconomicsystem,
creativity with a high market value has come to be considered the main source
of competiveness. But in addition to the improvement of competitiveness, we are
requiredtoworktowardfairnessinsociety.
In the process of developing a mature market, consumers come to understand
thatwhattheyrequiremostessentiallyishumanityandspirituality.Thiscannotbe
given or bought, but requires sharing with others across cultures and learning and
developingfurtherfromtheirrichness.Long-termsustainabilityofacompanyinthis
newagealsorequiresbuildingthesamevaluesofhumanityandspiritualitywithin
itsowninternalorganizationalcultureandpractices.
Through this series, we intend to propose various policy recommendations that
contribute to the prosperity of international society and improve the well-being of
mankindbyclarifyingtheconcreteactionsthatareneeded.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13627
· ·
Kazuo Nishimura Masatoshi Murase
Kazuyoshi Yoshimura
Editors
Creative Complex Systems
Editors
KazuoNishimura MasatoshiMurase
RIEB YukawaInstituteforTheoreticalPhysics
KobeUniversity KyotoUniversity
Kobe,Japan Kyoto,Japan
KazuyoshiYoshimura
GraduateSchoolofScience
KyotoUniversity
Kyoto,Japan
ISSN2364-9186 ISSN2364-9445 (electronic)
CreativeEconomy
ISBN978-981-16-4456-6 ISBN978-981-16-4457-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4457-3
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature
SingaporePteLtd.2021
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Preface
Inrecentyears,variousproblemsincludingenvironmentalproblemsandeconomic
crises have occurred on a global scale. Globalization brings about benefits, but it
canincreasethepotentialrisksof“systemicproblems”thatcanleadtosystem-wide
disruptions. The COVID-19 pandemic was declared on March 11, 2020, and has
sincerevealedsocialdisparitiesintheformofhigherriskofdeathforpeoplewith
low-socioeconomicstatusandcausedmassivedestructionoftheeconomyandglob-
alizationitself.Oureffortstosolveproblemsoftencausefurtherproblems,beyond
ourexpectations.Whatcanwedotoprotectagainstsuchemergingproblems?
Kyoto University has established joint research units that are not limited to
existingdisciplinesinthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesandinthenaturalsciences.
These interdisciplinary units were formed to solve the increasingly complex and
diverse problems of today. In 2010, we organized the International Research Unit
of Integrated Complex System Science (IRU-ICSS) with researchers in the fields
of mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, biology, engineering, informatics,
andeconomics,andstartedinterdisciplinaryjointresearchactivities.From2015to
2020,suchresearchactivitieshavebeenfurtherextendedthroughcollaborationwith
theInternationalResearchUnitofAdvancedFutureStudies(IRU-AFS),forwhich
manyforeignresearchersvisitedKyotoUniversity.Someofthevisitingresearchers
have contributed to chapters in this book from transdisciplinary and transcultural
perspectives.
Acomplex systemis ageneric termfor asystemcomposed of numerous inter-
acting elements, ranging from mathematical concepts such as chaos and fractals,
evolutionaryprocessesoforganisms,ecosystems,organizationoforganisms,brain
mechanisms, and modern economic and even social phenomena, each of which is
intricatelyintertwinedwitheachother.Notsurprisingly,awiderangeofemergent
complexproblemscanbestudied.
Thepresentbookisamonographfeaturingcontributionsbyselectedmembersof
IRU-ICSSandcolleagues.Thisbookextendsourviewsfromthetraditionalviewof
stability,inwhichglobalsituationsaresoonerorlaterstabilizedaftertheimpactof
destruction,to“creative”complexsystemsresultinginemergentdynamics.
v
vi Preface
Indeed,globalsituationsarefarmoredeformedbeyondbelief.Duetothecomplex
interactionsamonghumans,societies,economies,andmanyotherorganizations,our
worldismoreglobalthanever;thus,itlookslikeahuge“living”systeminvolving
systemsnestedwithinsystems.Owingtosuch“self-nestedhierarchies”inourworld,
mostofourmajorproblems,suchasthoserelatedtoenergy,financialsecurity,the
environment,education,andevenscienceissues,cannotbeunderstoodinisolation.
Because theseproblems appear tobevery complex, ithasbeen difficulttofind
ultimate solutions. In other words, extensive efforts to solve these problems have
oftenledtotheemergenceofadditionalproblems.
Afullunderstandingofourpresent-dayproblemsnowrequiresnothinglessthana
newconceptionofacomplexsystem,whatwecallacreativecomplexsystem.Despite
the resulting complexity, once the individual problems are considered as different
aspects of a single whole, such seemingly contradictory issues can become totally
understandable,becausetheycanbeintegratedintoasinglecoherentframework.This
istheintegrationists’approach,oraholisticapproach,incontrasttothereductionists’
approach. Situations of this kind are truly relevant to understanding the question
“Whatarethecreativecomplexsystems?”.Wetrytounderstandacreativecomplex
systemasa“creative”systeminvolvingcommunicative“creative”subsystems.
A“creativecomplexsystem”hasthefunctionof“creativedestruction”inthatit
causessmall-scalesubsystemsto“fail”aslarge-scalesystemsare“created.”Italso
has the aspect of “destructive creation” in that it avoids large-scale catastrophe by
activelydestroyingitselflocally,leadingtonewcreationglobally.Creativedestruc-
tionanddestructivecreationcanbeseenastwosidesofacoincalledcreativecomplex
systems.Thisiswheretheessenceofcreativecomplexsystemslies,astheybehave
inwaysbeyondourunderstanding.
Thisbookexplorestheissuesofcreativecomplexsystemsinvariousdisciplines,
using a variety of methodologies. Part I, Toward the Study of Creative Complex
Systems,startsfromtheessayonthehistoryofIRU-ICSSatKyotoUniversity.Then,
itprovidesthepathologicalconsiderationsofcomplexnatureduringreproductionand
developmentofhumans,atheoreticalreviewconcerningmechanismsofcoexistence
incomplexbiologicalnetworks,andendswithanessaybasedonscienceworkshops
conductedatmuseumsovertheyears.
Part II, Creative Complexity in Mathematical Sciences, discusses the behavior
ofrandomwalksanddiffusionsontypicaldisorderedmedia,andthegrowtheffect
of pollution and productive consumption were investigated based on the optimal
growth framework in which human and physical capital accumulations are two
growth engines. It also provides the temporal topos theoretic formulation for the
relationshipoftheconscious(cognitive)statesofanentityforthepast,thepresent,
andthefutureintermsofnon-functoriallyinducedmnemonicmorphisms.Then,it
discusses universality and the role of limitations, the three concepts of “paradox,”
“analogy,”and“fractals,”andfinallyemphasizestheroleofparadoxesbecausethere
appearcommonfeaturesbeyondtheirfundamentalcontradictoryaspects.
PartIII,EmergentDynamicsinComplexSocialandPhysicalScience,provides
theChaoticMarketHypothesis(CMH)tocapturetheessentialcharacteristicsofthe
financialmarket.Itdiscusses,afterabriefreviewofthehistoryofmagnetism,the
Preface vii
development of itinerant-electron magnetism in terms of spin fluctuations as well
as exotic superconductivity. Then, it reports that quantum size effects (QSEs) can
besuccessfullyseparatedfromthesurfaceeffectsinnanoparticlessystems,andthat
novelmagneticfluctuationscanbefoundrelatedtotheQSEsinPtnanoparticles.It
finallydiscussesthespin-liquidstateinorganicconductors.
PartIV,CreativeDynamicsofComplexLivingSystems,providesrecentevidence
supportingthepotentialofG-quadruplex(G4)structuresandtelomerasetoregulate
mitochondrialfunctionandmitochondrialfate.Itdiscussesthatduringtheevolution
of living organisms, environmental changes are not only driven by external acting
abiotic forces like irradiation but are also influenced by biotic factors originating
fromcommunities.Italsodiscussesnewhorizonsinbrainscienceandevolutionary
perspectivesonsuffering.
PartV,IntegratedComplexScience,providesasurveyoncomputationalmethods
formetaboliteidentificationwiththefocusonmachinelearning.Itcontrastssome
of the dominant characteristics of the Western approach to science with those that
developedintheFarEastandconcludeswithapleatointegratethetwoapproaches
to improve our understanding of the complex phenomena facing our societies. It
finallyprovidesaunifiedtheoryandpracticeofcreativecomplexsystems.
Kobe,Japan KazuoNishimura
Kyoto,Japan MasatoshiMurase
Kyoto,Japan KazuyoshiYoshimura
Contents
PartI TowardtheStudyofCreativeComplexSystems:From
theFoundationofIRU-ICSS
1 DavidPinesandMe ........................................... 3
KazuoNishimura
2 To Err is Human: The Complex Nature of Human
ReproductionandPrenatalDevelopment ........................ 17
KoheiShiota
3 ShortNotesonTheoriesofSpeciesDiversity ..................... 33
AtsushiYamauchi,KeiTokita,ToshiyukiNamba,andTae-SooChon
4 Museum Workshop: Evolution of Human Intelligence
andEducation ................................................ 55
TerufumiOhno
PartII Creative Complexity in Mathematical Sciences: The
PowerofAnalogyinMultidisciplinaryStudies
5 AnomalousBehaviorofRandomWalksonDisorderedMedia ..... 73
TakashiKumagai
6 Pollution,HumanCapital,andGrowthCycles ................... 85
TakumaKuniedaandKazuoNishimura
7 ProductiveConsumptioninaTwo-SectorModelofEconomic
Development .................................................. 101
IchirohDaitohandKazuoNishimura
8 TimeandMnemonicMorphism ................................ 113
GoroC.KatoandKazuoNishimura
9 Universality and the Role of Limitations Influencing
InterdisciplinaryScientificandCulturalAdvances ............... 121
PaulG.MezeyandMasatoshiMurase
ix
x Contents
10 SomeConceptualPrincipleswithMathematicalBackground
forInterdisciplinaryDevelopmentsintheSciencesandBeyond .... 129
PaulG.MezeyandMasatoshiMurase
11 TheRoleofParadoxintheDevelopmentofInterdisciplinary
ScientificandCulturalAdvances ............................... 143
MasatoshiMuraseandPaulG.Mezey
PartIII EmergentDynamicsinComplexSocialandPhysical
Sciences: Exploring the Underlying Fluctuations in
CollectiveModes
12 ElucidationofChaoticMarketHypothesisBasedonErgodic
Theory ....................................................... 165
KenUmeno
13 Itinerant-Electron Magnetism and Spin
Fluctuations—AspectsofTheoriesandExperiments .............. 189
KazuyoshiYoshimura
14 QuantumSizeEffectProbedbyNMRMeasurements ............. 215
TomonoriOkuno, ShunsakuKitagawa, KenjiIshida,
KoheiKusada,andHiroshiKitagawa
15 RecentTopicsonOrganicSpinLiquidCandidates ............... 231
MitsuhikoMaesato
PartIV CreativeDynamicsofComplex“Living”Systems:From
MoleculestoHealthandDiseaseinLifeandItsEvolution
16 Impact ofReactiveOxygen Species and G-Quadruplexes
inTelomeresandMitochondria ................................. 249
MadhuMalineeandHiroshiSugiyama
17 Evolution,MotoroftheChangingBiosphere ..................... 275
JohannHohenegger
18 NewHorizonsinBrainScience ................................. 291
ToshihikoAsoandHidenaoFukuyama
19 EvolutionaryPerspectiveonSuffering:Murase’sSelf–nonself
Circulation Theory of Life Applied to PRISM (Pictorial
RepresentationofIllnessandSelfMeasure) ...................... 311
StefanBüchiandMasatoshiMurase
PartV IntegratedComplexScience:TheoryandItsApplication
inTransdisciplinaryStudies
20 MachineLearningforMetabolicIdentification ................... 329
DaiHaiNguyen,CanhHaoNguyen,andHiroshiMamitsuka