Table Of ContentCreating Political Presence
Creating Political Presence
The New Politics of Democratic
Representation
edited by dario castiglione
and johannes pollak
the university of chicago press chicago and london
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
© 2019 by The University of Chicago
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner
whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical
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Published 2019
Printed in the United States of America
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 1 2 3 4 5
isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 58836- 0 (cloth)
isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 58853- 7 (paper)
isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 58867- 4 (e- book)
doi: https:// doi .org /10 .7208 /chicago /9780226588674 .001 .0001
Chapter 6, “Varieties of Inclusive Representation,” first published in French as “La
représentation inclusive,” in Raisons politiques 2, no. 50 (2013): 115– 35. © Presses de
Sciences Po
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Castiglione, Dario, editor. | Pollak, Johannes, 1969– editor.
Title: Creating political presence : the new politics of democratic representation / edited by
Dario Castiglione and Johannes Pollak.
Description: Chicago ; London : The University of Chicago Press, 2019. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: lccn 2018029040 | isbn 9780226588360 (cloth : alk. paper) | isbn 9780226588537
(pbk. : alk. paper) | isbn 9780226588674 (e-book)
Subjects: lcsh: Representative government and representation. | Democracy. | Political
parties.
Classification: lcc jf1051 .c743 2019 | ddc 321.8—dc23
lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018029040
♾ This paper meets the requirements of ansi/niso z39.48- 1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Contents
Acknowledgments vii
Introduction 1
Dario Castiglione and Johannes Pollak
chapter 1. The Logics of Democratic Presence in
Representation 16
Dario Castiglione and Johannes Pollak
part i. Representation as Democratic Empowerment
chapter 2. How Representation Enables Democratic Citizenship 39
Mark E. Warren
chapter 3. Judgment Alone: Cloven Citizenship in the Era of
the Internet 61
Nadia Urbinati
chapter 4. Political Parties and Conflict Handling 86
John Erik Fossum
chapter 5. Populist Twist: The Relationship between the Leader
and the People in Populism 110
Paula Diehl
part ii. Representation as Democratic Inclusion
chapter 6. Varieties of Inclusive Representation 141
Samuel Hayat
chapter 7. Radical Democracy: The Silent Partner in Political
Representation’s Constructivist Turn 162
Lisa Disch
chapter 8. Who Counts as a Democratic Representative? On Claims
of Self- Appointed Representation 186
Laura Montanaro
chapter 9. Future Generations and the Limits of Representation 204
Kerry H. Whiteside
part iii. Changing Contexts
chapter 10. Synecdochical and Metaphorical Political Representation:
Then and Now 231
Frank Ankersmit
chapter 11. Externalities and Representation beyond the State:
Lessons from the European Union 254
Christopher Lord
chapter 12. Liminal Representation 276
Michael Saward
chapter 13. Recursive Representation 298
Jane Mansbridge
List of Contributors 339
Index 343
Acknowledgments
The research and many discussions leading to this volume have been
generously supported by the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna,
Austria; and ARENA, Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo,
Norway; with a contribution from the University of Exeter in the United
Kingdom. One highlight in these many years of cooperation was the work-
shop kindly hosted by the Ash Center for Democratic Governance and
Innovation at Harvard University in November 2015. We thank the par-
ticipants in those discussions, who endured our enthusiasm for the topic of
political representation at countless conferences and whose insights and
comments were highly appreciated. We also thank the contributors to this
volume, in particular Jenny Mansbridge, not only for their individual con-
tributions but also for their support throughout the making of the book
and for their advice in shaping it and putting it together.
Our editors, Charles T. Myers and Holly Smith from the University of
Chicago Press, have shown greater patience than one can habitually ex-
pect with our struggle in bringing this project to completion. Their subtly
applied pressure contributed to its successful conclusion as much as the
comments from the two anonymous reviewers did. Those comments were
invaluable toward the revision of the manuscript and improved the focus
of both the individual contributions and the volume as a whole. In times
when crude forms of direct democracy are sold as the panacea to the ills
of our current systems of representative democracy, their support for this
volume is greatly welcome.
Finally, we would like to thank the other people who have helped make
this a better and more accessible book: At the University of Chicago Press,
Melinda Kennedy managed the marketing and Christine Schwab and
Tamara Ghattas supervised the copyediting and proofreading process. On
viii acknowledgments
behalf of the press, Carol McGillivray also managed the copyediting with
skill and sensitivity. Their professional help has been invaluable. We hope
that the errors and ambiguities the careful reader might still find in the text
and the presentation of the arguments are few and far between— but they
are there, no doubt, and they are exclusively our responsibility as editors.
Perhaps such errors will be the trigger to support renewed discussions on
a topic that remains of worthwhile interest: the future of representative
politics and democratic representation.
Introduction
Dario Castiglione and Johannes Pollak
The crisis of representative democracy is a commonplace in contempo-
rary political debates. Considered as the dominant political form of
the modern constitutional state in advanced industrial societies, repre-
sentative democracy is increasingly seen as incapable of satisfying the
demands of participation, recognition, and governance that come from
society at large. Moreover, its institutional machinery is often regarded
as inadequate to deal with the greatly intensified speed and complexi-
ties of decision- making in the politics of the global age. In different ways,
populism and antipolitics, the dominance and personalization of executive
power, societal self- regulation, and technocratic power all seem to chal-
lenge the traditional institutions, practices, and principles of representative
democracy. As suggested by the late Peter Mair (2013; see also Crouch
2004 and Mastropaolo 2012), we are witnessing the hollowing out of rep-
resentative democracy, insofar as the citizens are feeling disempowered
and apathetic, while the political class has become increasingly insulated—
all of which has led to ever greater and more desperate attempts by the
political class to portray itself as similar to so- called ordinary people. This
crisis of representation is not new. Some of its phenomenology may look
worryingly similar to the crisis of the parliamentary regimes in the first
two decades of the twentieth century. Discussions about the crises of par-
ties and representative institutions have proliferated since the 1970s. In
political theory, representative democracy, though generally regarded as
the only viable form of democracy in large- scale societies, has been the
direct and indirect object of criticism from many quarters, with the elabo-
ration of alternative democratic models emphasizing in turn participation,
