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Acknowledgments
Paul Foglino would like to thank John Katzman for his oversight on this
project and Rebecca Lessem for her work editing the first edition of this
title. Thanks to Rachel Warren, whose guidance and tireless effort helped
to convert chemistry to English. Thanks to Eric Payne for his rigorous
attention to detail. Thanks to Tom Meltzer for his advice and Libby
O’Connor for her patience. Additional thanks are in order to Robbie Korin,
James Karb, and Chris Volpe.
The Princeton Review would like to give special thanks to Nicolas
Leonardi for his hand in revising and updating this title to better prepare
students for the new AP Chemistry exam.
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Acknowledgments
Part I: Using This Book to Improve Your AP Score
Preview Activity: Your Knowledge, Your Expectations
Your Guide to Using This Book
How to Begin
Part II: About the AP Chemistry Exam
The Structure of the AP Chemistry Exam
Overview of Content Topics
How AP Exams Are Used
Other Resources
Designing Your Study Plan
Part III: Test-Taking Strategies for the AP Chemistry Exam
1 How to Approach Multiple-Choice Questions
2 How to Approach Free-Response Questions
Part IV: Content Review for the AP Chemistry Exam
3 Big Idea #1: Atoms, Elements, and the Building Blocks of Matter
The Periodic Table
Moles
Coulomb’s Law
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Periodic Trends
Chapter 3 Questions
Chapter 3 Answers and Explanations
4 Big Idea #2: Bonding and Phases
Bonds Overview
Ionic Bonds
Metallic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Intermolecular Forces
Vapor Pressure
Lewis Dot Structures
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Maxwell-Boltzmann Diagrams
The Ideal Gas Equation
Dalton’s Law
Deviations from Ideal Behavior
Density
Solutions
Chapter 4 Questions
Chapter 4 Answers and Explanations
5 Big Idea #3: Chemical Reactions, Energy Changes, and Redox
Reactions
Types of Reactions
Chemical Equations
Enthalpy
Energy Diagrams
Catalysts and Energy Diagrams
Oxidation States
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Galvanic Cells
Electrolytic Cells
Chapter 5 Questions
Chapter 5 Answers and Explanations
6 Big Idea #4: Chemical Reactions and Their Rates
Rate Law Using Initial Concentrations
Rate Law Using Concentration and Time
Collision Theory
Beer’s Law
Reaction Mechanisms
Catalysts
Chapter 6 Questions
Chapter 6 Answers and Explanations
7 Big Idea #5: Laws of Thermodynamics and Changes in Matter
Energy Transfer
First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
State Functions
0
Heat of Formation, ∆H
f
Bond Energy
Hess’s Law
Thermodynamics of Phase Change
Calorimetry
Entropy
Gibbs Free Energy
Free Energy Change, ∆G
∆G, ∆H, and ∆S
Voltage and Favorability
Chapter 7 Questions
Chapter 7 Answers and Explanations
8 Big Idea #6: Equilibrium, Acids and Bases, Titrations, and Solubility
The Equilibrium Constant, K
eq
Le Châtelier’s Principle
Changes in the Equilibrium Constant
The Reaction Quotient, Q
Solubility
Acids and Bases Definitions
pH
Weak Acids
Strong Acids
K
w
Buffers
Polyprotic Acids and Amphoteric Substances
Titration
Chapter 8 Questions
Chapter 8 Answers and Explanations
9 Laboratory Overview
Part V: Practice Tests
10 Practice Test 1
11 Practice Test 1 Answers and Explanations
12 Practice Test 2
13 Practice Test 2 Answers and Explanations
About the Authors
Part I
Using This Book to Improve Your AP Score
PREVIEW ACTIVITY: YOUR KNOWLEDGE, YOUR
EXPECTATIONS
Your route to a high score on the AP Chemistry Exam depends a lot on
how you plan to use this book. Please respond to the following
questions.
1. Rate your level of confidence about your knowledge of the
content tested by the Chemistry AP Exam:
A. Very confident—I know it all
B. I’m pretty confident, but there are topics for which I
could use help
C. Not confident—I need quite a bit of support
D. I’m not sure
2. Circle your goal score for the AP Chemistry Exam.
3. What do you expect to learn from this book? Circle all that
apply to you.
A. A general overview of the test and what to expect
B. Strategies for how to approach the test
C. The content tested by this exam
D. I’m not sure yet
YOUR GUIDE TO USING THIS BOOK
This book is organized to provide as much—or as little—support as you
need, so you can use this book in whatever way will be most helpful to
improving your score on the AP Chemistry Exam.
The remainder of Part I will provide guidance on how to use this
book and help you determine your strengths and weaknesses
Part II of this book will
provide information about the structure, scoring, and
content of the Chemistry Exam
help you to make a study plan
point you towards additional resources
Part III of this book will explore
how to attack multiple-choice questions
how to write high-scoring free-response answers
how to manage your time to maximize the number of points
available to you
Part IV of this book covers the content you need for your exam.
Part V of this book contains practice tests.
You may choose to use some parts of this book over others, or you may
work through the entire book. This will depend on your needs and how
much time you have. Let’s now look how to make this determination.
HOW TO BEGIN
